FREQUENCY BASE GRID

FAILURE SYSTEM &FAULT

PROTETION

SUBMITTED BY:-
VIKASH KUMAR
MD ARSHAD AYYUB
RUDRA ASHISH MISHRA
FREQUENCY-BASED GRID FAILURE SYSTEM
A Project report submitted in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the degree of B. Tech in Electrical Engineering
By

Name Of the Students Registration No.

Vikash Kumar 206330090

Md. Arshad Ayyub 206330065
206330009
Rudra Ashis Mishra

Under the supervision of

Prof. Bipin Kumar Nishad , Department Of Electrical Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and Technology (GKV) Haridwar.
​
 INTRODUCTION
A frequency-based grid failure system and fault protection are critical components
of power systems to ensure reliability and stability.
Frequency-Based Grid Failure System:
Frequency Monitoring:- Power systems typically operate at a specific frequency,
such as 50 Hz or 60 Hz. A frequency-based grid failure system continuously
monitors the grid frequency.

Normal Operating Range:- The system establishes a normal operating frequency

range. Any deviation from this range indicates a potential problem.
Alarm Generation: If the frequency deviates beyond predetermined thresholds,
alarms are triggered to alert operators of the potential grid failure.

Load Shedding:- In extreme cases, if the frequency deviates significantly, automatic

load shedding may occur. This involves disconnecting certain loads from the grid to
prevent a complete system collapse.
Emergency Measures:- Additionally, the system may initiate emergency measures
such as activating reserve power sources or shedding non-essential loads to
stabilize the grid.
 Fault Protection
Fault Detection: Fault protection systems continuously monitor the electrical
network for abnormalities such as short circuits, ground faults, or overloads.
Current and Voltage Monitoring: These systems monitor currents and voltages at
various points in the grid to detect any irregularities.

Relays and Circuit Breakers:- In case of a fault, protective relays quickly detect the
fault and send signals to circuit breakers to isolate the faulty section of the grid.
Selective Tripping: Fault protection systems are designed to selectively trip only the
affected section of the grid to minimize the impact on the rest of the system.

Coordination:-Coordination between protective devices is crucial to ensure that the

fault is isolated without unnecessarily disrupting the entire system.
Arc Flash Protection: In high-power systems, arc flash protection systems may also
be employed to mitigate the hazards associated with faults, such as the release of
high-energy arcs.

Remote Monitoring and Control:- Many modern fault protection systems offer
remote monitoring and control capabilities, allowing operators to monitor the
system's health and take appropriate actions from a central control room.
 COMPONENT LIST
 Step down transformer
 Diode [IM4007]
 Capacitor [1000 & 470 MICRO FARAD]
 25 VOLT Regulator [7805 IC]
 Microcontroller [89852]
 LCD Display
 IC timer 555
 Crystal Oscillator
 COMPERATOR ICC [LM335]
 Buzzer Drivers
 Relay Drivers
 Overheating Sensor
 Relay Driver
 LED Light
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
A step-down transformer is a type of electrical
transformer that reduces the voltage level from its
input side (primary winding) to its output side
(secondary winding). This means that the output
voltage is lower than the input voltage. Step-down
transformers are commonly used in various electrical
systems to adapt voltage levels to suit specific
requirements.
DIODE
A diode is a two-terminal semiconductor device that allows current to flow in only one
direction. It acts as a one-way valve for electric current, permitting flow in the forward
direction while blocking it in the reverse direction.
Diodes are typically used in circuits to rectify AC (alternating current) into DC (direct
current), to protect circuits from reverse voltage, to provide voltage regulation, and in various
signal processing applications.

CAPACITOR
A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of two conductive plates separated
by an insulating material (dielectric). When a voltage is applied across the plates, it stores
electrical energy in an electric field between them.
REGULATOR
A regulator is a device or circuit that maintains a constant output voltage or current despite
variations in input voltage, load currents, or temperature changes.
Voltage regulators are commonly used to provide stable and reliable power supplies in
electronic circuits, ensuring that the voltage delivered to sensitive components remains
within specified limits.

MICROCONTROLLER
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8bit microcontroller with 8K
bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using
Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus-
try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro-
Grammer.
 BUZZER
A buzzer is an electromechanical device that produces sound when an electrical current
passes through it. It typically consists of a coil of wire wound around a magnetic core, a
diaphragm or other vibrating element, and a housing to amplify and direct the sound.
Buzzer devices are commonly used in electronic circuits, alarms, timers, and notification
systems to provide audible alerts or signals. They come in various forms, including
electromagnetic buzzers, piezoelectric buzzers, and mechanical buzzers.

RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch that uses an electromagnet to mechanically control
the switching of one or more circuits. It consists of a coil of wire (the electromagnet) and a
set of contacts that open or close when the coil is energized.
Relays are used to control high-voltage or high-current circuits with low-voltage signals,
providing isolation between the control circuit and the circuit being controlled.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 APPLICATION
 Preventing Grid Instabilities
 Load Shedding and Restoration
 Emergency Response
 Protecting Equipment and Infrastructure
 Enhancing Grid Resilience
 It is used for fault protection against over voltage and fluctuation
of frequency due to any reason or any fault.
 It is used for protection against heating due to continuous
running of grid due to which system or grid may fail.
SUMMARY
Frequency-based grid failure systems and fault
protection mechanisms are essential for maintaining the
stability and reliability of power systems, preventing
cascading failures, and ensuring the safety of
equipment and personnel.
THANK YOU