Day 1 Day 2 Day 3

Context A Context A Context B

Acquisition Contextual Extinction Learning

Recall
 Fear Contextual Extinction Learning
Learning Fear
Number of 22 kHz USVs 50 ++ + * +* +* +* +* +* +* *+ +* *+ +* +* +*
++ *=P<0.05 Male ER-EC
+=P<0.05 Female ER-EC
Male ER (N=35)
Male EC (N=35)
Female ER (N=13)
Female EC (N=14)

&
25

& &,#
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Time (min) Time (min) Time (min)

Figure 6. Number of 22 kHz Ultrasonic Vocalizations (USVs) over time in male and female Extinction Competent (EC) and
Extinction Resistant (ER) rats during fear learning, contextual fear recall, and extinction learning. Checkered boxes represent
periods of unconditioned behavior prior to the introduction of tone-shock pairings (in fear learning) or tones alone (in extinction
learning), while music notes designate tone presentations. Points represent mean ± SEM. & denotes P<0.05 for main effect of sex;
# denotes P<0.05 for main ER-EC difference.
Figure 8. Summary of acoustic parameters of 22 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in
male and female Extinction Competent (EC) and Extinction Resistant (ER) rats. Panels (A-
G) compare the acoustic parameters of 22 kHz USVs during fear learning, contextual fear
recall, and fear extinction, including the total duration of calls (A), average duration of
each call (B), the average peak frequency of each call (C), the mean amplitude of each call
(D), the average number of bouts across all one-minute bins (E), the average number of
calls per bout (F), and the average new bout latency (G). Points represent ± SEM. *
indicates P<0.05 for male ER-EC groups. & denotes P<0.05 for main effect of sex.
Figure 12. Summary of acoustic parameters of 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in
male and female Extinction Competent (EC) and Extinction Resistant (ER) rats. Panels (A-
G) compare the acoustic parameters of 50 kHz USVs during fear learning, contextual fear
recall, and fear extinction, including the total duration of calls (A), average duration of
each call (B), the average peak frequency of each call (C), the mean amplitude of each call
(D), the average number of bouts across all one-minute bins (E), the average number of
calls per bout (F), and the average new bout latency (G). Points represent ± SEM. +
indicates P<0.05 for female ER-EC groups. & denotes P<0.05 for main effect of sex.
 Frequency (kHz)

1 sec

100 ms