Trojan War

Reporter : Angelica Mae

Dellava, BSED 3B
 HEROES OF
TROJAN WAR
 ANCESTOR OF ACHILLES
Ocean - a Titan son of Uranus and Gaia, the husband of his sister the Titan
Tethys, and the father of the river gods and the Oceanids, as well as being the
great river which encircled the entire world .

Tethyes was the Titan goddess of the primal font of fresh water which
nourishes the earth. She was the wife of Okeanos (Oceanus), the earth-
encircling, fresh-water stream, and the mother of the Potamoi (Rivers), the
Okeanides (Oceanids) (nymphs of springs, streams and fountains), and the
Nephelai (Clouds)
.
Asopus the name given to four different river gods that protected four
respective rivers in Greece. As with all river gods, they were the sons of the
Titans Oceanus and Tethys
 ANCESTOR OF ACHILLES
Zeus is the god of the sky in ancient Greek mythology. As the chief Greek
deity, Zeus is considered the ruler, protector, and father of all gods and humans.
Zeus is often depicted as an older man with a beard and is represented by
symbols such as the lightning bolt and the eagle.

Aegina the mother of the hero Aeacus, who was born on the island and
became its king.
- AIGINA (Aegina) was a Naiad-nymph loved by the god Zeus. He carried her
off in the guise of an eagle to the island of Aigina which was named after her.

Aeacus, son of Zeus and Aegina, the daughter of the river god Asopus; Aeacus
was the father of Telamon and Peleus.
 ANCESTOR OF ACHILLES
Peleus was a hero, king of Phthia, husband of Thetis and the father of their son
Achilles.

Thetis was a goddess of the sea and the leader of the fifty Nereides. Like many
other sea gods she possessed the gift of prophesy and power to change her
shape at will. Because of a prophesy that she was destined to bear a son greater
than his father, Zeus had her marry a mortal man.

Achilles or Achilleus was a hero of the Trojan War, the greatest of all the Gree
warriors, and is the central character of Homer's Iliad. He was the son of the
Nereid Thetis and Peleus, king of Phthia.
 THE HOUSE OF TROY
Teucer, also Teucrus, Teucros or Teucris, was the son of King Telamon of
Salamis Island and his second wife Hesione, daughter of King Laomedon of
Troy. He fought alongside his half-brother, Ajax, in the Trojan War and is the
legendary founder of the city of Salamis on Cyprus.

Dardanus, the son of Zeus and the Pleiad Electra, mythical founder of
Dardania on the Hellespont. He was the ancestor of the Dardanians of the
Troad and, through Aeneas, of the Romans.

Batea daughter of King Teucer of the Teucrians. She is a Naiad, who married
King Oebalus of Sparta. Their sons were Hippocoon, Tyndareus and Icarius.

.
 THE HOUSE OF TROY

King Erichthonius was a legendary early ruler of ancient Athens. According to

some myths, he was autochthonous and adopted or raised by the goddess
Athena

Tros was the founder of Troy and the son of Erichthonius by Astyoche or of
Ilus , from whom he inherited the throne. Tros was the father of three sons:
Ilus, Assaracus and Ganymede and two daughters, Cleopatra and Cleomestra.
He is the eponym of Troy, also named Ilion for his son Ilus.

Ilus was the founder of the city called Ilios or Ilion (Latinized as Ilium) to
which he gave his name. When the latter became the chief city of the Trojan
people it was also often called Troy, the name by which it is best known today.
 THE HOUSE OF TROY

Laomedon was a Trojan king, son of Ilus and thus nephew of Ganymede and
Assaracus.

Hecuba was a queen in Greek mythology, the wife of King Priam of Troy
during the Trojan War, She had 19 children, who included major characters of
Homer's Iliad such as the warriors Hector and Paris, as well as the prophetess
Cassandra.

Priam was the legendary king of Troy during the Trojan War. His many
children included notable characters like Hector and Paris.
 THE HOUSE OF TROY
Hector was a Trojan prince and the greatest warrior for Troy in the Trojan
War. He acted as leader of the Trojans and their allies in the defence of Troy,
killing countless Greek warriors. He was ultimately killed by Achilles.

Deiphobus was a son of Priam and Hecuba. He was a prince of Troy, and the
greatest of Priam's sons after Hector and Paris. Deiphobus killed four men of
fame in the Trojan War.

. Paris, also called Alexandros (Greek: “Defender”), in Greek

legend, son of King Priam of Troy and his wife, Hecuba. His seduction
of Helen (the wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta) and refusal to return
her was the cause of the Trojan War
 THE HOUSE OF TROY

Assaracus was the second son of Tros, King of Dardania by his wife Callirhoe,
daughter of Scamander, or Acallaris, daughter of Eumede

Capys was a name attributed to three individuals: Capys, king of Dardania.

Capys, the Trojan who warned not to bring the Trojan horse into the city.
Capys, mythological king of Alba Longa and descendant of Aeneas.

Aphrodite is an ancient Greek goddess associated with love, lust, beauty,

pleasure, passion and procreation. She was syncretized with the Roman
goddess Venus. Aphrodite's major symbols include myrtles, roses, doves,
sparrows, and swans
 THE HOUSE OF TROY

Anchises was a member of the royal family of Troy in Greek and Roman
legend. He was said to have been the son of King Capys of Dardania and
Themiste, daughter of Ilus, who was son of Tros. He is most famous as the
father of Aeneas and for his treatment in Virgil's Aeneid.

Aeneas was a Trojan hero, the son of the Trojan prince Anchises and the Greek
goddess Aphrodite. His father was a first cousin of King Priam of Troy, making
Aeneas a second cousin to Priam's children.
 FAMILY OF HELEN OF TROY
Aeolus, in Greek mythology, mythical king of Magnesia in Thessaly, the s
of Hellen (the eponymous ancestor of the true Greeks, or Hellenes) and fa
of Sisyphus (the “most crafty of men”). Aeolus gave his name to Aeolis, a
territory on the western coast of Asia Minor (in present-day Turkey).

Dion was a King in Laconia and husband of Amphithea, the daughter of

Pronax.[1] By his wife, he became the father of Orphe, Lyco, and Carya..

Procris was an Athenian princess as the third daughter of Erechtheus, kin

Athens and his wife, Praxithea, daughter of Phrasimus and Diogeneia. ers
Perieres was described a son of Cynortas
 FAMILY OF HELEN OF TROY
Cephalus a figure in Greek mythology, son of the ruler of Phocis, Deion, and
Diomede. He was married to Procris, daughter of the king of Athens
Erectheus and Praxithea
.

Arcesius (or Arkêsios; also spelled Arceisius or Arkeisios) was the son of
Cephalus, and king in Ithaca.

Laertes son of Arcesius and Chalcomedusa. He was married to Anticlea,

daughter of the thief Autolycus; they had two children, Ctimene and the famous
hero Odysseus.
 FAMILY OF HELEN OF TROY
Odysseus was a legendary hero in Greek mythology, king of the island of
Ithaca and the main protagonist of Homer's epic, the “Odyssey.” The son of
Laertes and Anticlea, Odysseus was well known among the Greeks as a most
eloquent speaker, an ingenious and cunning trickster

Penelope, a daughter of Icarius of Sparta and the nymph Periboea Penelope

was the famous queen of Ithaca in Greek mythology, for Penelope was the
wife of the Greek hero Odysseus and they had one son, Telemachus.. Penelope
has also been highlighted as the most faithful of wives, as it was said that
Penelope waited 20 years for her husband to return to her.

Telemachus. is the son of Odysseus and Penelope, who is a central character in

Homer's Odyssey.
 FAMILY OF HELEN OF TROY

Perieres was described as the son of Aeolus, king of Thessaly and Enarete,
and was the king of Messene.

Icarius, a Spartan prince, son of Perieres. He was a man from Athens who
welcomed the god Dionysus.

Tyndareus was the son of Oebalus (or Perieres) and Gorgophone (or Bateia).
He married the Aetolian princess, Leda by whom he became the father of
Castor, Clytemnestra, Timandra, Phoebe and Philonoe, and the stepfather of
Helen of Troy and Pollux.
 FAMILY OF HELEN OF TROY
Leda the daughter of Thestius, king of Aetolia, and wife of Tyndareus, king of
Lacedaemon. Leda was an Aetolian princess who became a Spartan queen..

Clytemnestra was the wife of Agamemnon, king of Mycenae or Argos. She

was the daughter of Tyndareus and Leda, rulers of Sparta, and sister of Castor,
Polydeuces, and Helen.

Dioscuri were the twin brothers Castor and Pollux (also called Polydeuces).
Their mother was Leda, but they had different fathers. Tyndareus, the king of
Sparta, was the father of Castor (hence a mortal), while Zeus was the father
of Pollux (a demigod). Some sources say that they were born from an egg,
along with their twin sisters Helen and Clytemnestra.
The myth has it that Leda was seduced by Zeus, who had taken the form of a
swan. However, there are different versions as to whether the twins were both
mortals, both immortals, or Castor was mortal and Pollux was a demigod.
FAMILY OF HELEN OF TROY

Helen of Troy, Greek Helene, in Greek legend, the most beautiful

woman of Greece and the indirect cause of the Trojan War. She
was daughter of Zeus, either by Leda or by Nemesis, and sister of
the Dioscuri. As a young girl, she was carried off by Theseus, but
she was rescued by her brothers. She was also the sister of
Clytemnestra, who married Agamemnon
 TROJAN WAR
The Trojan War was fought between Greeks and the defenders of the
city of Troy in Anatolia sometime in the late Bronze Age. The story
has grabbed the imagination for millennia but a conflict between
Mycenaeans and Hittites may well have occurred, even if its
representation in epic literature such as Homer's Iliad is almost
certainly more myth than reality.
The Trojan War has defined and shaped the way ancient
Greek culture has been viewed right up to the 21st century CE. The
story of gods and heroic warriors is perhaps one of the richest single
surviving sources from antiquity and offers insights into the warfare,
religion, customs, and attitudes of the ancient Greeks.
 Paris & Helen
The main source for our knowledge of the Trojan War is Homer's Iliad (written sometime in
the 8th century BCE) where he recounts 52 days during the final year of the ten-year
conflict. The Greeks imagined the war to have occurred some time in the 13th century
BCE. However, the war was also the subject of a long oral tradition prior to Homer's work,
and this, combined with other sources such as the fragmentary Epic Cycle poems, give us a
more complete picture of what exactly the Greeks thought of as the Trojan War.
The Trojan War, in Greek tradition, started as a way for Zeus to reduce the ever-increasing
population of humanity and, more practically, as an expedition to reclaim Helen, wife of
Menelaus, King of Sparta and brother of Agamemnon. Helen was abducted by the Trojan
prince Paris (also known as Alexandros) and taken as his prize for choosing Aphrodite as
the most beautiful goddess in a competition with Athena and Hera at the wedding of
Peleus and Thetis. Menelaos and the Greeks wanted her back and to avenge Trojan
impudence.
 The Greek Army
The coalition of Greek forces (or Archaians as Homer often calls them) was led by King
Agamemnon of Mycenae. Amongst the cities or regions represented were Boiotia,
Phocia, Euboea, Athens, Argos, Corinth, Arcadia, Sparta, Kephalonia, Crete, Rhodes,
Magnesia, and the Cyclades. Just how many men these totalled is unclear. Homer states
an army of 'tens of thousands' or rather more poetically 'as many [men] as the leaves and
flowers that come in springtime'.
Amongst the Greek warriors were some extra special heroes, leaders who were the
greatest fighters and displayed the greatest courage on the battlefield. Also, they often had
a divine mother or father whilst the other parent was a mortal, thereby creating a
genealogical link between the gods and ordinary men. Amongst the most important were
Achilles, Odysseus, Ajax, Diomedes, Patroclus, Antilokus, Menestheus, and Idomenus.

The Greeks were aided by several of the Olympian gods of Greek religion. Athena,
Poseidon, Hera, Hephaistos, Hermes, and Thetis all gave direct or indirect help to the
Greeks in Homer's account of the war. The gods had their favourites amongst the men
fighting down on the plains of Troy and they often protected them by deflecting spears
and even spiriting them away in the heat of battle to put them down somewhere safe, far
from danger.
 The Trojan Army

● The Trojan army defending the

great city of Troy, led by their king
Priam, had assistance from a long
list of allies. These included the
Carians, Halizones, Kaukones,
Kikones, Lycians, Maionians,
Mysians, Paionians,
Paphlagonians, Pelasgians,
Phrygians, and Thracians.

Achilles and Penthesileia

The Trojans, too, had their semi-divine heroes and these included Hector (son of Priam),
Aeneas, Sarpedon, Glaucus, Phorkys, Poulydamas, and Rhesos. The Trojans also had
help from the gods, receiving assistance during the battle from Apollo, Aphrodite, Ares,
and Leto.

Key Battles
Most of the Trojan War was in a fact a protracted siege, and the city was able to resist the
invaders for so long principally because its fortifications were so magnificent. Indeed, in
Greek mythology, the walls of Troy were said to have been built by Poseidon and Apollo
who, after an act of impiety, were compelled by Zeus to serve the Trojan King Laomedon
for one year. There were, though, battles outside the city where armies fought, sometimes
with chariots, but mostly by men on foot using spears and swords and protected by a
shield, helmet, and armour for the chest and legs. War waged back and forth across the
plains of Troy over the years, but the really exciting battles seem to have been reserved
for the final year of the siege and the following are a selection of the highlights.
 Paris v Menelaus
Tiring of indecisive battles, Menelaus offered to fight Paris in
single-combat and so settle the issue of the war. Agreeing to this,
the two warriors drew lots to see who would have first throw
with their spear. Paris won and threw first but his spear landed
harmlessly in the shield of Menelaus. The Greek king then threw
his weapon with tremendous force and the spear went through
the shield of Paris and carried on through to pierce his armour. If
Paris had not swayed at the last moment, he would surely have
been killed outright. However, Menelaus was not finished and
with his sword he struck a fearful blow on the Trojan prince's
helmet. The sword shattered, though, and fell in pieces into the
dust. Menelaus then grabbed Paris' helmet with his bare hands
and proceeded to drag him from the field. Choking as his helmet
strap wrapped around his neck, Paris was only saved through the
intervention of Aphrodite who broke the helmet strap and,
covering the prince in a thick mist, spirited her favourite back to
the safety of his perfumed bedroom.
Achillles and Ajax by Exekias
 Hector v Ajax

The meeting of the two great heroes echoes that of Menelaus and Paris. Each
throw their spears but to no effect. Hector then threw a large rock at the Greek,
only for him to fend it off with his shield. Ajax then returned the favour with an
even bigger rock, smashing Hector's shield. They then drew their swords and
closed for mortal combat but were each stopped by their comrades who called
for an end to the fighting as night was approaching. Displaying the code of
honour for which the good old days were famous, the two warriors even said
goodbye on friendly terms by exchanging gifts, Hector giving a silver-hilted
sword and Ajax giving a splendid purple belt.
 Patroclus Falls
● Invincible Achilles was quite simply the greatest warrior in Greece, or
anywhere else for that matter. Much to the Greek's frustration, though, he sat
out most of the final act of the war in a big sulk. Agamemnon had stolen his
female war-booty Briseis and consequently, the hero refused to fight.
Agamemnon at first doesn't seem to have been too bothered about losing his
temperamental talisman but as the Trojans started to gain an upper hand in the
war, it began to look like Achilles would be needed if the Achaians were to
actually win the protracted conflict. Accordingly, an increasingly desperate
Agamemnon sent an appeal to Achilles with promises of vast treasure if he
would only re-join the conflict. These Achilles refused but with the Greek camp
under attack, Patroclus appealed to his mentor and great friend Achilles to
rejoin the conflict and, when he still refused, Patroclus asked for permission to
wear Achilles' armour and lead the fearful Myrmidons himself. Achilles, on
seeing one of the Greek ships already ablaze, reluctantly gave his consent but
warned Patroclus to only repel the Trojans from the camp and not pursue them
 ● Patroclus then led the Greek fight-back, the
Trojans were swept back and he even managed
to kill the great Trojan hero Sarpedon. Flushed
with success, the young hero then ignored
Achilles' advice and rashly carried the fighting
on towards Troy. However, at this point, great
Apollo intervened on behalf of the Trojans and
struck the helmet and armour from Patroclus,
shattered his spear and knocked his shield
from his arm. Thus exposed and defenceless,
Patroclus was stabbed by Euphorbos and then
Hector stepped in to deal the fatal blow with a
pitiless stab of his spear.
Ambrosian Iliad
 The Greek Ships Attacked
Following a tremendous day of fighting, Hector led the Trojans in
an attack on the very walls of the Greeks' camp. Breaking through
the gates, the Trojans sent the Greeks fleeing in panic back to their
ships. However, as Zeus was momentarily distracted by the
charms of Hera, Poseidon stepped in to encourage the Greeks who
rallied and forced the Trojans to retreat. Then the tide of battle
changed again and, with the support of Apollo, an inspirational
Hector, in his finest hour, once more beat the Greeks back to their
ships where he sought to set them ablaze.
 Achilles' New Armour
When Achilles discovered the death of his great friend Patroclus, he was overcome with grief and
rage and he swore to take terrible revenge on the Trojans and Hector in particular. After a suitable
show of mourning, Achilles finally decided to enter the battlefield once more. It was a decision
which would seal the fate of Troy.
Before he could enter the fighting, though, Achilles needed new armour and this was provided by
his divine mother Thetis who had Hephaistos, the master craftsman of Olympus, make him the most
magnificent set of armour ever seen. Using bronze, tin, silver, and gold, the god made a massive
shield which depicted a myriad of earthly scenes and all the constellations. So too, he made a
dazzling, gold-crested helmet for the hero. Resplendent in his shining armour, Achilles, still mad
with rage, predictably routed the Trojans who fled in panic behind the safety of their city walls.
 Hector v Achilles
● Hector alone remained standing outside the
walls but at the sight of the awesome Achilles
on the rampage, even his nerve gave way and
he made a run for safety. Achilles, however,
gave chase and pursued the Trojan prince three
times around the city walls. Finally catching
him, Achilles killed his quarry with a vicious
stab of his spear in Hector's throat. Achilles
then stripped the body of its fine armour and,
tying Hector by the ankles to his chariot,
Achilles dragged the body back to the Greek
camp in full view of Priam standing atop the
fortifications of the city. This was a shockingly
dishonourable act and against all the rules of
Having avenged the death of Patroclus, Achilles arranged funeral
games in his fallen friend's honour. Meanwhile, Priam entered the
Greek camp in disguise and begged Achilles to return the body of his
son that he might be given proper burial. Initially reluctant, the
emotional pleas of the old man were finally heeded and Achilles
consented to return the body. Here the Iliad ends but the war still had a
few more twists of fate to turn.
 Question:

1.Who is the reason behind the Trojan

war?
2.Who are the gods who help the
Trojans? The Greeks?
3.Who do you think won the war?
 Link:
https://www.worldhistor
y.org/Trojan_War/