MODULE-IV

MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

 INDEX
• Magnetic Field and Magnetic flux density
• Gauss’s law for magnetic Flux
• Ampere’s Circuital Law
• Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
• Magnetic Susceptibility ()
• Magnetic Permeability ()
• Classification of Magnetic Materials
(Dia-magnetic,Para-magnetic & Ferro-magnetic)
 MAGNETIC FIELD

• It is the area around a magnet or any current

carrying conductor in which the magnetic
force can be experienced is called magnetic
field.
• It is a vector quantity
• Represented either by ‘B’ or ‘H’
 MAGNETIC FLUX()
• The total number of magnetic field lines
passing through a given area normal to it is
called magnetic flux. Mathematically it is
represented by  and defined as the dot
product of magnetic field vector and area
• Magnetic flux through a plane of area A
placed in a uniform magnetic field B can be
written as
• 𝝓= B . A = BA cos θ
• where θ is angle between B and A.
• The SI unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb) or
tesla meter squared (T m2 ). Magnetic flux is a
scalar quantity.
 MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY (B)

• The total Number of magnetic field lines

passing perpendicularly through unit area.
• •Expressed Weber/sq.meter Or Tesla
 GAUSS’S LAW FOR MAGNETIC FLUX

• Gauss’s law for magnetism states that the net

magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero.
• Net flux =∫B.dS=0
• The difference between the Gauss’s law of
magnetism and that for electrostatics is due to
the fact that isolated magnetic poles (also called
monopoles) do not to exist.
• There are no sources or sinks of B; the simplest
magnetic element is a dipole or a current loop.
AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW
• AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW
• Relationship between the current and the
magnetic field created by it.
• The magnetic flux density B for a closed path
is equal to o times the total current flowing
through the conductor
 FARADAY‘S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

• Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a

circuit changes an emf is induced.
• The magnitude of induced emf is equal to the
rate of change of magnetic flux .
 Magnetic Susceptibility(𝛘)

• The magnetisation can be influenced by

external factors(H which is equal to nI). This
influence is mathematically expressed as
• 𝛘=𝐌/𝐇
• where χ is a dimensionless quantity called as
magnetic susceptibility. It is a measure of how
a magnetic material responds to an external
field.
• χ is large and positive for ferromagnetic
materials.
• χ is small and positive for paramagnetic
materials.
• χ is small and negative for diamagnetic
materials. For diamagnetic materials M and H
are opposite in direction.
 RELATION BETWEEN r & 
When a magnetic material placed in a uniform magnetic field intensity H ,then the total
magnetic flux passing through it is given by
Classification of magnetic materials