General Concepts on OSH FIBISCO

DIVISION
Session Objective:

At the end of the session, the participants

will be able to define and discuss the
general concepts of OSH towards effective
OSH implementation in the workplace.

Department of Labor and Employment

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Unsafe and Unhealthy
Acts and Conditions
ACCIDENT
An occurrence or event  loss; damage
that is unexpected/
unforeseen, unplanned  injury
and unwanted.  death
Common Reasons for Accidents
Layman’s version:

• ‘Oras na kasi niya, hayaan na siyang

mamahinga!’
• ‘Ang malas naman niya!’
• ‘T**** kasi niya!’
• ‘Kasama sa trabaho yan!’

These are not real causes - - -

only EXCUSES
Department of Labor and Employment
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Accidents
Accidents
Accidents
Accidents
Accident causation
PEOPLE Work Theory
Workforce
Management of the
workforce
Policies
Behavior People
ENVIRONMENT
Physical surroundings
Natural environment Environment Equipment
Community, social & legal influences
MATERIALS
Used, worked or made
EQUIPMENT Materials
Tools and Machinery
Accident causation refers to the factors that are the primary reasons behind an accident. For
occupational health and safety professionals, determining causation factors in any workplace injury
or accident is the key.

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 Accident Theory

People

Environment Equipment

Materials

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H. W. Heinrich, Domino Theory
 Study of Accidents
• 98 – Preventable
» 88% - Unsafe Acts
» 10% - Unsafe Conditions
• 2% - Non-Preventable

 Domino Theory, “Accident” is one factor in a sequence that

may lead to injury.

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Immediate Causes of accidents

• Unsafe / Unhealthy ACTS

• Unsafe / Unhealthy CONDITIONS

Department of Labor and Employment

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Unsafe / Unhealthy ACT
• A human action that departs from a
standard or written job procedure or
common practice, safety rules, regulations,
or instructions.
• A violation of a commonly-accepted safe
procedures and or processes.

Department of Labor and Employment

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What will you look for as
safety officers?

Department of Labor and Employment

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Examples of Unsafe Acts
• Operating equipment without authority
• Removing safety devices
• Using Defective equipment
• Improper/Non-use of PPE
• Horseplaying
• Working while under the
influence of alcohol or drugs

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 Department of Labor and Employment
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 Department of Labor and Employment
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Factors Contributing to Unsafe Acts

• Improper Attitude
• Physical Limitations
• Lack of Knowledge

or Skills

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Unsafe Condition

• The physical or chemical property of a material,

machine or the environment that may result in injury
to a person, damage or destruction to property and
other losses;
• could have been guarded or prevented.

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What will you look for as a
worker/employee?

Department of Labor and Employment

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 Examples of Unsafe Conditions

• Inadequate guards/protection
• Defective tools, equipment
• Congested / blocked exits
• Inadequate warning systems
• Slippery floors
• Hazardous atmospheric condition
• Excessive noise
• Extreme temperature
• Inadequate illumination/ ventilation

Department of Labor and Employment

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 Department of Labor and Employment
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 ACCIDENTS / ILLNESSES

US / UH US / UH
Acts Conditions

• Unaware
• Unnoticed
• Unable
• Uncorrected
• Unmotivated
• As a employee, you need to:

- correctly identify unsafe &

unhealthy acts, conditions in
your workplaces
- address these to your safety
officer to prevent accidents
from happening.
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 Let’s practice!

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 1 2

3
A fatal accident is just the TIP of the iceberg

1 Death

10 serious accidents
100 minor injuries
1,000 hazardous occurrences
10,000 unsafe acts or conditions
Definition of Terms
Hazard

• Hazard: Any source of potential damage,

harm, or adverse health effect on people.

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Workplace Hazards
Safety / Direct Hazards
• The harm results in some kind
of injury to the worker
• Working conditions where
harm to the workers is of an
immediate & violent nature
• Result in broken bones, cuts,
bruises, sprains, loss of limbs,
etc.
• Associated with poorly
guarded or dangerous
equipment & machinery
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH CENTER
34
Health Hazards
• Working conditions which
result in an illness
• Often, latency between
exposure & disease
• Exposure to dangerous
substances or conditions such
as chemicals, gases, dusts,
noise, etc.
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Safety / Direct Hazards
Safety Hazards

• Hazards from poor housekeeping

• Fire hazards
• Machine-related / mechanical hazards;
Hazardous motions

• Hazards associated with materials handling

• Electrical hazards
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Health Hazards
Health Hazards

Physical
noise, vibration, radiation,
defective illumination,
temperature extremes
Chemical
dusts, gases, vapors,
fumes, mists, etc.
Biological
viruses, bacteria,
fungi, parasites, Ergonomic
insects, etc.
exhaustive physical exertions, excessive
standing, improper motions, lifting heavy
load, job monotony, workplace stress,
etc.

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Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards

These arise from excessive airborne

concentration of …
– Vapors
– Mists
– Fumes
– Gases
– Dusts
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Phyiscal Hazards
Physical Hazards
1. Noise
2. Vibration
3. Illumination
4. Extreme temperature
5. Extreme pressure
6. Radiation

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 1. Noise
• Unwanted and excessive sound
• A form of energy caused by the vibration of air

Arm’s Length Rule

“If two (2) people with no hearing
impairment have to raise their voices or
shout to be heard in a distance of less than
arms length from each other, the sound
level is potentially hazardous.”

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 2. Vibration

• is a physical factor that acts on man by transmission of

mechanical energy from sources of oscillation.
 Low frequency or whole body
– weaving looms, harvester-thresher, tractors
 High frequency or segmental
– hand driven power tools such as chain saw,
portable grinder and polishers

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 3. Illumination
• is the measure of stream of
light falling on a surface
Natural Artificial
Types of Workplace Lighting
1. General lighting 2. Local lighting

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4. Extreme Temperature
• Extreme temperature (low or high) affect
the amount of work that man can do and
the manner in which they do.
Factors affecting Heat Exposure:
Thermal factors
• temperature & humidity

Physical Workload
• light, moderate, heavy & very heavy

Work-Rest Regimen
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 5. Extreme Pressure
• Change in the altitude or atmospheric
pressure

6. Radiation
• Is the emission or transmission of energy as
waves or moving particles (ionizing, non-
ionizing)

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Biological Hazards
Biological Hazards
• Microbiological
 Bacteria, viruses, molds,
fungi and protozoa

• Macrobiological
 Insects, parasites, plants
and animals, soil

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Ergonomics
• The study of people's
efficiency in their working
environment.

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Ergonomic Hazards
An ergonomic hazard is a physical factor within
the environment that harms the musculoskeletal
system. Ergonomic hazards include themes such
as repetitive movement, manual handling,
workplace/job/task design, uncomfortable
workstation height and poor body positioning.
Examples:
Improperly designed tools or work areas
Static posture
Forceful exertion
Improper lifting or reaching
Poor visual conditions
Repeated motion/Repetitive movement in awkward position
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 Department of Labor and Employment
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Risk and Risk Classification
Risk

• Risk: A combination of the probability of

occurrence of a hazardous event and the
severity of injury or damage to the health of
people caused by this event.

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Risk Assessment

- process of identifying workplace hazards,

evaluating risks to workers’ safety and health
and control the relevant hazards.

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Classification of Risk

Low risk establishment – refers to a workplace where there is

low level of danger or exposure to safety and health hazards and not
likely or with low probability to result in accident, harm, injury, or ill-
ness.
Medium risk establishment – refers to a workplace where
there is moderate exposure to safety and health hazards and with
probability of an accident, injury or illness, if no preventive or con-
trol measures are in place.

High risk establishment – refers to a workplace where there is

high level of exposure to safety and health hazards, and probability
of a major accident resulting to disability, death or major illness is
likely to occur if no preventive or control measures are in place.

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 The following are workplaces commonly associated with
potentially high-risk activities:

1. Chemical works and chemical production 11.
plants;
2. Construction;
3. Deep sea fishing;
4. Explosives and pyrotechnics factories;
5. Firefighting;
6. Healthcare facilities;
7. Installation of communication acces-
sories, towers and cables;
8. LPG filling, refilling, storage and distribu-
tion;
9. Mining;
10. Petrochemical works and refineries;
Power generation, transmission and dis-
tribution in the energy sector;
12. Storage and distribution center for toxic
or hazardous chemicals;
13. Storage of fertilizers in high volume;
14. Transportation;
15. Water supply, sewerage, waste manage-
ment, remediation activities;
16. Works in which chlorine is used in bulk;
and
17. Activities closely similar to those enumer-
ated above and other activities as deter-
mined by DOLE in accordance with exist-
ing issuances on the classification of es-
tablishments.

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 Review

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Review questions

1. Differentiate between unsafe/unhealthy acts

and unsafe/unhealthy conditions.
2. Give five (5) examples of safety hazards.
3. Enumerate all the health hazards discussed
in this module.

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 Clear Points

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• Accidents and injuries result to losses of
lives, limbs, time and property

• Most accidents at work could have been

prevented. Unsafe and unhealthy acts and
conditions in the workplace must be addressed.

• Every workplace has different hazards,

risk, levels of exposure. Tailor fit your OSH
response to your risk classification.
“ The eye does
not see what the
mind does not
know.”
Thank you!