Experimental

Research
Name: Lecturer:
Trương Kim Như Huỳnh - Assoc. Prof. Trịnh Quốc Lập
M1621014
Phạm Ngọc Như Thuỷ -
M1621050
Đặng Hoàng Tuấn - M1621062
 Table of Contents
01 Definition and
Purpose

04 Group Designs

02 Basic Steps

05 Threats to Internal Validity

03 Essential
Characteristics
 Definition
• The effect of small classes on instruction.
• The effect of early reading instruction on growth rates of at-risk
kindergarteners.
• The use of intensive mentoring to help beginning teachers develop
balanced instruction.
• The effect of lotteries on Web survey response rates.
• Using social stories to enhance the interpersonal conflict resolution skills
of children with learning disabilities.
• Improving the self-concept of students through the use of hypnosis.

What are the similarities of these research titles?

 Definition
Experimental research is research conducted with a
scientific approach using two sets of variables. It directly
attempts to manipulate a particular variable and tests a
hypothesis about cause-and-effect relationship
+The independent variable: the experimental, or
treatment, variable.
+The dependent variable: the criterion, or outcome,
variable
 Purpose

“ To establish the existence of a

cause-and-effect relationship
between two variables.
 Basic Steps

Step 3: Design Step 5: Measure

Step 1: Define Step 4: Assign your
your your dependent
your variables Step 2: Write your subjects to
experimental variable
(research hypothesis treatment groups
treatments (How to collect
question, main (specific, testable) (study size, random
(How to and measure data?
variable) assignment)
manipulate?) 0
 Essential Characteristics
of Experimental Research
+ Two or more conditions or methods _
Systematic observation
compared to assess the effect(s) of
particular conditions or “treatments”_ the
independent variable.
+ The independent variable _ directly
manipulated
Change _ deliberately manipulated
(the dependent variable).
 Comparison of Groups
An experimental group and a control or
a comparison group
+ The experimental group _ a treatment
of some sort
(new textbook or a different method of
teaching).

+ The control group _ no treatment or

the comparison group _ a different
treatment.
Manipulation of The Independent Variable
Forms_ the independent variable will take and
The groups will get which form
+ Independent variables _ can be manipulated
Teaching method, type of counseling, learning activities,
assignments given, and materials used.

+ Independent variables _ cannot be manipulated

Gender, ethnicity, age, and religious preference.

Who, when, where, and how

 Randomization in Experimental research

Random assignment
To has an equal chance of
being assigned to any of
the experimental or control Random selection
conditions being compared. To select from the
To take place into experimental population for inclusion in
or control groups. the study.
To take place before
assignments
+ Before beginning of the experiment
+ A process of assigning or distributing
individuals to groups, not a result.
+ Group forming at the beginning of the
study.

Random assignment _ threat of

extraneous , or variables.
_ be equivalent at the beginning of an
experiment.
_ no guarantee of
equivalent groups unless both groups are
sufficiently large.
GROUP DESIGNS IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

A variety of forms  various threats to internal validity

- Good designs: control many threats
- Poor designs: control only a few threats
 The quality of an experiment: depends on how well
the various threats to internal validity are controlled.
GROUP DESIGNS IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

POOR EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

FACTORIAL DESIGNS
GROUP DESIGNS IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

POOR EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

Do not have built-in controls for threats to internal validity.
Have various explanations for any outcomes.
Cause difficulties assessing the effectiveness of the independent
variable
 GROUP DESIGNS IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
POOR EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS The One-Group
The One-Shot Case Study Pretest-Posttest Design
A single group is exposed to a treatment A single group is measured or observed
and a dependent variable is observed not only after being exposed to a but also
(measured) in order to assess the effect before
of the treatment

Weakness: history, maturation, instrument

Weakness: absence of any control
decay, data collector characteristics, …..
 GROUP DESIGNS IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
POOR EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
The Static-Group The Static-Group
Comparison Design Pretest-Posttest Design
Two groups are used: one with Two groups are used: one with
treatment, one with different or no treatment, one with different or no
treatment and observations occurs treatment and observations occurs at
at the same time the same time
Pretest is given to both groups

Weakness: mortality, location, Weakness: gain often depends on

differential subject characteristics initial performance
GROUP DESIGNS IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

Subjects are randomly assigned to treatment groups
 Better controlling the subject characteristics threat to
internal validity
 GROUP DESIGNS IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
The Randomized Posttest-Only
Control Group Design
Two groups formed by random assignment.
One group receives the experimental treatment
while the other does not, and then both groups are
posttested on the dependent variable
Weakness: regression
The Randomized Pretest-Posttest
Control Group Design
Two groups formed by random assignment.
One group receives the experimental treatment
while the other does not, and then both groups
are posttested on the dependent variable
The use of a pretest
Weakness: Testing effects
 GROUP DESIGNS IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
The Randomized Solomon Four-Group Design
Four groups, with two of the groups being pretested and two not. One of the
pretested groups and one of the unpretested groups is exposed to the
experimental treatment.
All four groups are then posttested

Weakness: large sample needed, energy and efforts

GROUP DESIGNS IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

Do not include the use of random assignment.

Researchers rely on other techniques to control (or at least
reduce) threats to internal validity
 GROUP DESIGNS IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
The Matching-Only Design
Random assignment is not used.
The researcher still matches the subjects in the experimental and
control groups on certain variables

Weakness: having no assurance that

certain variables are equivalent on others
 GROUP DESIGNS IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
Counterbalanced Designs
Each group is exposed to all treatments, however many there are,
but in a different order.
Determine the effectiveness of the various treatments: by comparing
the average scores for all groups on the posttest for each treatment
GROUP DESIGNS IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
Time-Series Designs
Involves repeated measurements or observations over a period
of time both before and after treatment

Weakness: history
GROUP DESIGNS IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
FACTORIAL DESIGNS
This design is a modification of the pretest-posttest control group
design. It involves one treatment and one control group, and a
moderator variable having two levels (Y1 and Y2)  efficient way
to study several relationships with one set of data
 Control of Threats to Internal Validity

A maturation: changes in a score over time due to naturally internal

processes.  add a control group to the study

History effects: external event  add a control group to the study

Testing effects: performance at post-test is higher than at pre-test because

the participant is more experienced with the test.  use alternate forms of
the same test or counter-balancing
 Control of Threats to Internal Validity
Fatigue effects: conditions in a within-subjects study perform more poorly 
lead to Bias.  counterbalance the order of conditions

Regression: participants are selected based on extremely high or low scores.

 add a control group to the study
Mortality the loss of participants from a study prior to completion.
 randomization or a reduction in the number of separate sessions required for
the investigation
Instrument decay: the standards of measurement change over time, a failing
mechanical measurement device  counterbalance
 Experimental
Research
Name: Lecturer:
Trương Kim Như Huỳnh - Assoc. Prof. Trịnh Quốc Lập
M1621014
Phạm Ngọc Như Thuỷ -
M1621050
Đặng Hoàng Tuấn - M1621062
 Media
Despite being red, Mars is a
cold place. It’s full of iron
oxide dust, which gives the
planet its reddish cast
 This Is a Map

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important notes important notes

You can enter here relevant text about this map

Did You Know This?
90% of Earth’s population lives in
the Northern Hemisphere

Venus has a beautiful name and is

the second planet from the Sun

Africa is the only continent that lies

in all four hemispheres
 Problem Solution
Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
and is the second planet actually a cold place. It’s
from the Sun full of iron oxide dust
 This Is a Table

1 2 3

Mars 350,000 610,000 789,500

Venus 250,500 500,000 785,200

 Process

1 2 3 4

Mercury is the Saturn is the Despite being Venus is the

closest planet to ringed one. It’s red, Mars is a second planet
the Sun a gas giant cold place from the Sun
 Take Notes

TO DO KEYWORDS
Write here your Write here your
important notes important notes

IMPORTANT REMEMBER
Write here your Write here your
important notes important notes
 Overview Diagram
DAY
1

Despite being red, Jupiter is the

Venus is the second
Mars is actually a biggest planet in the
planet from the Sun
cold place Solar System
 Exercise
A B C

Saturn is composed of Venus is the second Neptune is the farthest

hydrogen and helium planet from the Sun planet from the Sun

D E F

Mercury is the closest Mars is a cold place full Jupiter is the fourth-
planet to the Sun of iron oxide dust brightest object
Thank You !
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