BASIC WEAVING

The Man-Made Textiles Research Association

Approved by the Ministry of Textiles Government of India

1ST LECTURE
Dr. Pankaj Gandhi
Director
 WHAT IS TEXTILE ?

 Textile refers to any material made of interlacing fibers, including natural fibers such as cotton,
wool, silk, and linen, as well as synthetic fibers like polyester, nylon, and acrylic.
 Textiles are commonly used in the production of clothing, bedding, upholstery, and many other
household and industrial products.
 The process of creating textiles involves various techniques such as spinning, weaving, knitting,
and felting to manipulate the fibers into desired forms and textures.
 Textile manufacturing plays a significant role in the global economy and has a rich history dating
back thousands of years.
 The term is derived from the Latin textilis and the French texere, meaning “to weave,” and it
originally referred only to woven fabrics. It has, however, come to include fabrics produced by
other methods Thus, threads, cords, ropes, braids, lace, embroidery, nets, and fabrics made
by weaving, knitting, bonding, felting, or tufting are textiles.
WHAT IS TEXTILE
 SCOPE OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN THE WORLD

• The textile industry has a vast scope in the world economy due to its significant role in
various sectors such as fashion, apparel, home textiles, technical textiles, and industrial
applications. Here are some key aspects highlighting the scope of the textile industry:
• Employment Opportunities: The textile industry is a major source of employment
globally, providing jobs to millions of people in manufacturing, design, marketing, sales,
and distribution.
• Contribution to GDP: Textile manufacturing contributes significantly to the GDP of
many countries, particularly in regions with a strong textile industry such as China, India,
Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Turkey.
SCOPE OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN THE WORLD

• Global Trade: Textiles are among the most traded commodities globally, with countries
exporting and importing textiles and apparel products to meet consumer demand and take
advantage of comparative advantages in production
• Fashion and Apparel: The fashion and apparel sector is a driving force in the textile industry,
with constant demand for new designs, fabrics, and clothing styles. Fashion trends influence
consumer behavior and drive innovation in textile manufacturing
• Technical Textiles: Technical textiles, including products like geotextiles, medical textiles,
protective clothing, and automotive textiles, have a growing market due to their specialized
applications across various industries such as construction, healthcare, defense, and automotive.
SCOPE OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN THE WORLD

• Sustainability: The textile industry is increasingly focusing on sustainability and

environmental responsibility, with efforts to reduce water consumption, energy usage, and
waste generation, as well as adopting eco-friendly materials and production processes
• Innovation and Technology: Advances in technology, such as digital printing, smart
textiles, nanotechnology, and 3D knitting, are driving innovation in the textile industry,
enabling the development of new products and processes.
• Supply Chain Integration: The textile industry involves a complex global supply chain
encompassing raw material production, textile manufacturing, garment production, and
distribution. Integration and coordination within the supply chain are essential for
efficiency and competitiveness.
 SCOPE OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN THE WORLD

• Consumer Trends: Changing consumer preferences, including demand for sustainable

and ethically produced textiles, customization options, and online shopping, are shaping
the textile industry's future and driving companies to adapt to evolving market dynamics
• overall the textile industry's scope is vast and diverse, with opportunities for growth,
innovation, and adaptation to changing market demands and technological advancements.
TEXTILE PROCESS FLOW CHART
 ECONOMICS OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN
INDIA
• The textile industry is one of the oldest and largest sectors in the Indian economy, playing
a crucial role in employment generation, export earnings, and industrial development.
Here's an overview of the economics of the textile industry in India:
• Contribution to GDP: The textile industry contributes significantly to India's GDP,
accounting for around 7% of the total GDP and 13% of industrial production. It is one of
the largest contributors to the country's manufacturing sector.
• Employment Generation: The textile industry is a major source of employment in India,
particularly in rural and semi-urban areas. It provides direct employment to millions of
people, including weavers, spinners, dyers, knitters, and workers in garment factories.
 ECONOMICS OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN
INDIA
• Export Earnings: India is one of the world's leading textile exporters, with a diverse
range of products exported to markets worldwide. Textile exports contribute substantially
to India's foreign exchange earnings and trade balance. Key export destinations include
the United States, the European Union, and the Middle East
• Domestic Market: The Indian textile industry serves a large domestic market with a
growing population and rising disposable incomes. It caters to diverse segments such as
apparel, home textiles, technical textiles, and industrial textiles.
• Value Chain: The textile industry in India encompasses the entire value chain from fiber
production to garment manufacturing. It includes various segments such as cotton, silk,
wool, synthetic fibers, spinning, weaving, knitting, processing, and garmenting.
 ECONOMICS OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN
INDIA
• Government Initiatives: The Indian government has implemented various policies and
initiatives to support the textile industry, including subsidies, incentives, tax benefits, and
schemes for modernization, skill development, and export promotion.
• Challenges: The Indian textile industry faces challenges such as outdated technology,
infrastructure bottlenecks, labor issues, stiff competition from other countries, fluctuating
raw material prices, and compliance with environmental regulations.
• Technological Advancements: Despite challenges, the Indian textile industry is witnessing
technological advancements and modernization efforts aimed at improving efficiency,
quality, productivity, and sustainability. Investments in automation, digitalization, and
innovation are helping the industry stay competitive in the global market.
 ECONOMICS OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN
INDIA
• Overall , the economics of the textile industry in India is characterized by its significant
contribution to economic growth, employment generation, export earnings, and industrial
development, along with ongoing efforts to address challenges and leverage opportunities
for sustainable growth and competitiveness.
 ECONOMICS OF MANMADE FIBRE IN SURAT

• Surat, located in the state of Gujarat, India, is one of the leading hubs for the production of
man-made fibers, particularly synthetic fibers such as polyester and nylon. The economics of
man-made fiber production in Surat is influenced by several factors:
• Industrial Cluster: Surat has developed into a prominent industrial cluster for synthetic fiber
manufacturing due to factors such as availability of raw materials, skilled labor, infrastructure,
and supportive government policies. The presence of a well-established ecosystem of
suppliers, manufacturers, and service providers contributes to the economics of the sector.
• Raw Material Availability: Surat benefits from proximity to petrochemical refineries and
polymer manufacturers, which supply the raw materials required for synthetic fiber
production. Petrochemical feedstocks such as ethylene and propylene are used in the
production of synthetic fibers like polyester.
 ECONOMICS OF MANMADE FIBRE IN SURAT

• Technological Advancements: The synthetic fiber industry in Surat has witnessed significant
technological advancements and modernization efforts, leading to improved production
efficiency, product quality, and cost-effectiveness. Investments in machinery, equipment, and
research and development contribute to the economics of the sector.
• Export Orientation: A significant portion of the synthetic fibers produced in Surat is exported
to international markets. The city's strategic location, access to ports, and competitive pricing
make it a preferred sourcing destination for global buyers of synthetic fibers.
• Domestic Market: In addition to exports, Surat's synthetic fiber industry caters to the domestic
market, supplying fibers for a wide range of applications including textiles, apparel, home
furnishings, industrial fabrics, and technical textiles. Growing domestic demand for synthetic
fibers further enhances the economics of the sector.
 ECONOMICS OF MANMADE FIBRE IN SURAT

• Value Addition: The synthetic fiber industry in Surat encompasses various value-added activities
such as spinning, texturizing, weaving, knitting, dyeing, and finishing. These value addition
processes contribute to the overall economic output of the sector and create additional employment
opportunities
• Government Support: The government of Gujarat and the central government of India have
implemented various policies, incentives, and initiatives to support the growth and development of
the synthetic fiber industry in Surat. These include infrastructure development, subsidies, tax
incentives, and skill development programs.
• Overall, the economics of man-made fiber production in Surat is characterized by its significant
contribution to industrial growth, export earnings, employment generation, and value addition. The
sector's resilience, competitiveness, and adaptability to changing market dynamics contribute to its
continued growth and sustainability.
 WHAT IS FIBRE ?

• A fibre is a thin thread of a natural or artificial substance, especially one that is used to
make cloth or rope.
• Fiber, in the context of textiles and materials, refers to a slender, thread-like structure that
is either natural or synthetic and has a high ratio of length to thickness.
• Fibers are the fundamental building blocks used to make textiles and fabrics. They can be
spun or twisted together to form yarns, which are then woven, knitted, or otherwise
processed to create various textile products such as clothing, household textiles, industrial
materials, and more.
 FIBRE FORMING PROPERTIES

• Fiber-forming properties refer to the characteristics of materials that allow them to be

spun into fibers suitable for use in textiles. These properties determine the feasibility and
quality of the resulting fibers. Some key fiber-forming properties include:
• Length: Fiber-forming materials should have sufficient length to allow for processing
into continuous strands without frequent breakage. Longer fibers generally result in
stronger and more durable textiles.
• Flexibility: Materials with good flexibility can be bent or twisted without breaking,
which is essential for spinning processes. Flexible fibers can also provide comfort and
drape in finished textile products.
 FIBRE FORMING PROPERTIES

• Strength: Fiber-forming materials should possess adequate strength to withstand the

stresses and strains encountered during spinning, weaving, knitting, and subsequent
textile processing. Strong fibers contribute to the durability and longevity of textile
products.
• Uniformity: Consistency in fiber diameter, length, and other physical properties is
crucial for achieving uniformity in the resulting yarns and fabrics. Uniform fibers ensure
smooth processing and a consistent appearance in textiles.
• Elasticity: Elastic fibers can stretch and recover their original shape, providing flexibility
and resilience to textile products. Elasticity is particularly important in applications
requiring stretch, such as sportswear, activewear, and undergarments.
 FIBRE FORMING PROPERTIES

• Thermal Properties: Fiber-forming materials should possess suitable thermal properties,

including heat resistance and heat conductivity, to withstand textile processing techniques
such as spinning, weaving, and dyeing. Thermal properties also influence the comfort and
performance of textile products in different environmental conditions.
• Chemical Compatibility: Materials used for fiber formation should be compatible with dyes,
finishes, and other chemicals commonly used in textile processing. Chemical compatibility
ensures that the fibers can be effectively dyed, finished, and treated to achieve desired
properties.
• Moisture Absorption: Some fibers have the ability to absorb moisture from the environment
or the wearer's skin, contributing to comfort and breathability in textile products. Moisture
absorption properties can also affect dyeing, shrinkage, and dimensional stability.
 FIBRE FORMING PROPERTIES

• These fiber-forming properties vary depending on the specific material used, whether
natural or synthetic, and influence the suitability of fibers for different textile
applications. Manufacturers consider these properties when selecting materials and
designing processes to produce high-quality textiles.
TYPES OF FIBRES
 TYPES OF FIBRES

• Fibers can be categorized into various types based on their origin, composition, and
properties. Here are some common types of fibers:
• Natural Fibers:
• Plant-based fibers: Derived from plants or plant parts.
• Cotton: Soft, breathable, and widely used in textiles.
• Linen: Made from the fibers of the flax plant, known for its strength and coolness.
• Jute: Coarse fiber used for making burlap, sacks, and rugs.
• Hemp: Strong and durable fiber with various applications including textiles, rope, and paper.
• Bamboo: Renewable and eco-friendly fiber known for its softness and moisture-wicking
properties.
 TYPES OF FIBRES

Cotton Linen Fibre

Jute Fibre Hemp Fibre Bamboo Fibre
Fibre
 TYPES OF FIBRES

• Animal-based fibers: Obtained from animal sources.

• Wool: Fiber from sheep's fleece, known for its warmth, softness, and elasticity.
• Silk: Produced by silkworms, valued for its luxurious feel and lustrous appearance.
• Cashmere: Fine fiber obtained from the cashmere goat, prized for its softness and
warmth.
• Mohair: Fiber from the Angora goat, known for its luster and durability.
 TYPES OF FIBRES

Wool Fibre Silk Fibre Cashmere Fibre Mohair Fibre

 TYPES OF FIBRES

• Synthetic Fibers:
• Polyester: Versatile synthetic fiber known for its strength, durability, and wrinkle
resistance.
• Nylon: Strong, elastic fiber used in various applications including clothing, carpets, and
industrial products.
• Acrylic: Synthetic fiber resembling wool, lightweight and resistant to moths and mildew.
• Polypropylene: Lightweight, moisture-wicking fiber used in activewear and outdoor
textiles.
• Spandex (Lycra): Highly elastic fiber used for stretchable clothing such as swimwear
and athletic apparel.
 TYPES OF FIBRES

Polyester Fibre Nylon Fibre Acrylic Fibre Polypropylene Fibre Spandex Fibre
 TYPES OF FIBRES

• Regenerated Fibers:
• Viscose-Rayon: Made from cellulose derived from wood pulp, known for its softness
and draping qualities.
• Lyocell (Tencel): Sustainable fiber produced from wood pulp using an eco-friendly
manufacturing process, known for its softness and breathability.
• Mineral Fibers:
• Asbestos: Once used in textiles for its heat resistance, now banned due to health risks
associated with asbestos exposure.
• Basalt Fiber: Derived from basalt rock, used in high-temperature applications such as
insulation and fireproofing.
 TYPES OF FIBRES

Viscose Rayon Fibre Lyocell Fibre Asbestos Fibre Basalt Fibre

Regenerated Fibres Mineral Fibres

Glass wool Fibre

 TYPES OF FIBRES

• Glass wool fiber: Glass wool fiber is a type of mineral wool insulation material made
from recycled glass and other raw materials. It is manufactured by melting glass at high
temperatures and then spinning it into fine fibers. These fibers are then bonded together
using a binder or by mechanical means to form mats or blankets.

• Specialty Fibers:
• Carbon Fiber: Lightweight and strong fiber used in aerospace, automotive, and sporting
goods industries.
• Aramid Fiber (e.g., Kevlar): High-strength synthetic fiber used in protective clothing,
bulletproof vests, and industrial applications.
 TYPES OF FIBRES

Carbon Fibre Aramid Fibre

 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

• There are various methods used to make fabric, each

with its own process and characteristics. Here are
some common ways to make fabric:

1) . Weaving: Weaving is the most common method of

fabric production, involving the interlacing of two sets
Weave Fabric of yarns: the warp (longitudinal) and the weft
(transverse). The yarns are interlaced at right angles to
create different weave patterns such as plain, twill,
satin, or jacquard
 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

• Weaving fabric is a process of interlacing two sets of yarns, known as the warp and the
weft, to create a stable textile structure.

• The warp yarns run lengthwise in the fabric, while the weft yarns run horizontally across
the width of the fabric

• The weaving process can be done on various types of looms, ranging from traditional
hand looms to modern automated looms. Here's an overview of the weaving process:
 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

• Warp Preparation:
• Warp yarns are wound onto a beam or warp roll, which is mounted onto the loom.

• The warp yarns are then threaded through the heddles, which are frames with wires or
cords that control the position of the warp yarns during weaving.

• Next, the warp yarns are threaded through the reed, which is a comb-like device that
spaces the warp yarns evenly and helps maintain tension.
 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

• Weaving Process
• The loom raises and lowers alternate warp yarns using the heddles, creating an opening
called the shed
• The weft yarn is inserted through the shed using a shuttle, a rapier, air jets, or other
means, depending on the type of loom.
• The loom then changes the shed by raising and lowering different warp yarns, and the
weft yarn is inserted again, interlacing with the warp yarns to create the fabric structure
• This process is repeated continuously, with the fabric being wound onto a cloth beam or
take-up roll as it is woven.
 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

Classification of looms
CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS- HAND LOOMS

• Primitive or vertical looms

• Primitive or vertical looms are among the earliest types of looms used by humans for weaving
textiles. These looms have a simple vertical frame and are operated manually. Here are some
key characteristics:
• Vertical Frame: Primitive looms typically consist of a vertical frame made of wood or other
sturdy materials. The warp yarns are stretched vertically from the top of the frame to the bottom.
• Manual Operation: These looms are operated entirely by hand. The weaver manipulates the
warp and weft yarns manually to create the desired weave pattern.
• Basic Design: Primitive looms have a basic design with minimal moving parts. They are often
constructed using simple tools and techniques, making them accessible to early human societies.
CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS- HAND LOOMS

• Limited Complexity: Due to their simple design, primitive looms are capable of
producing basic weave structures, such as plain weave or simple twills. They may lack
the mechanisms needed for more complex patterns or designs
• Cultural Significance: Primitive looms have played a significant role in the cultural and
economic development of societies throughout history. They are often associated with
traditional weaving practices and artisanal craftsmanship.
• Survival: While primitive looms may seem outdated compared to modern industrial
looms, they continue to be used in some regions of the world, particularly in remote or
rural areas where traditional weaving techniques are preserved
 CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS- HAND LOOMS

Primitive
or vertical
loom
CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS- HAND LOOMS

• Pit Loom
• One of the earliest types of horizontal looms, the manually operated pit loom gets its name from the pit over which
the loom is set.
• The four posts of the horizontal loom are sunken into the ground, allowing the treadles to be located inside the
pit, which the weaver operates using their feet.
• The pit loom is considered to be an upgrade on the handloom and the backstrap loom for several reasons, due
to which it also has comparatively higher production rates.
• Owing to its proximity to the ground, a pit loom is more stable than a handloom. Also, unlike the horizontal
ground loom – where the warp is stretched between two beams, requiring the weaver to lean over the yarn as
the weaving progresses – the warp is level with the weaver, making the weaving process less physically
strenuous.
• Since the warp can be controlled by foot using the treadles, this leaves the weavers hands free, allowing them to
pass the weft through the warp using a shuttle.
 CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS- HAND LOOMS

Pit
looms
CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS- HAND LOOMS

• Frame loom
• A frame loom is the most basic of all weaving looms used by weavers to create woven
designs. Historically frame looms were smaller, portable looms made of wood,
resembling a picture frame and originally designed to produce tapestry-style woven
designs with a dense and rug-like appearance.
• Today frame looms come in a variety of shapes and sizes. They can be laser cut to
precision using acrylic, MDF and a variety of wood products, manufactured using wood
and metal into different shapes and sizes, hand-crafted from luxury hardwoods with
additional features or simply assembled in DIY-fashion with a wood frame and nails.
 CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS- HAND LOOMS

Frame
loom
CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS- HAND LOOMS

• Chittaranjan loom
• Chittaranjan loom is one of the types of semi-automatic loom which is made of iron and
wood
• he terms which is commonly used in Bengali language is chittaranjan loom. Chittaranjan
loom also known as Japanize loom.
• The common features of chittaranjan loom are in the below:
1. Picking and shedding motion is used here as fly shuttle loom.
2. The main characteristics of chittaranjan loom lie in its beating up, take up and let-off
motion.
3. A five wheel take up motion has been adopted to regulate picks per inch
CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS- HAND LOOMS

4.For beat up two wheels upon the top shaft connect the slay at the two ends with two
livers.
5. Higher production rate .

Chittaranjan loom
CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS- HAND LOOMS

• Hattersley loom
• Geaorge Hattersley and sons of Kighley developed the hattersley loom in the West Yorskshire
of England in 1856.
• This type of loom act in the same manner as like as power loom without the movement of slay
which either operated manually or by using power into the top shaft.
• Features of Hattersley Loom:
• Important characteristics of hatersley loom has pointed out in the following:
1. In case of hattersley loom, shedding is formed from the bottom shaft in case of plane weave
2. Shedding, beating up, picking, let off and taking up motions are automatically operated in
hattersley loom.
CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS- HAND LOOMS

3. Hattersley loom is lighter then

power loom
4. five wheel take up motion is
used for completing take up
actions
5 This type of loom works as the
same manner of power loom in
weaving technology.

Hatter Sley loom

CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS-POWER LOOMS

• Broadly Classification of powerlooms

A. Ordinary power loom

B. Electric power loom
C. Automatic power loom
D. Modern power loom
1. Jet Loom
(i) Air jet loom
(ii) Water jet loom
2. Rapier loom
3. Multiphase loom
CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS-POWER LOOMS

• Loom is also classified into two types depending on the shuttle:

• Shuttle Loom: Shuttle loom is that loom where weft yarn is inserting through the
warp yarn by the means of shuttle.

• Shuttle less Loom: In a shuttle less loom, weft yarn is inserting through the warp
yarn by the means of projectile, rapier, air jet or water.
CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS-POWER LOOMS

Shuttle loom
CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS-POWER LOOMS

Projectile loom
CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS-POWER LOOMS

Waterjet loom
CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS-POWER LOOMS

Rapier loom
CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS-POWER LOOMS

Air jet loom

CLASSIFICATION OF LOOMS-POWER LOOMS

Multi phase
loom
 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

• Types of weaving patterns include:

• Plain Weave: Each weft yarn passes alternately over and under each warp yarn, creating
a simple and strong fabric structure.
• Twill Weave: Each weft yarn passes over a certain number of warp yarns before going
under, creating a diagonal pattern on the fabric surface.
• Satin Weave: Each weft yarn floats over several warp yarns or vice versa, creating a
smooth and lustrous fabric surface with long floating yarns.
• Jacquard Weave: Intricate patterns or designs are woven directly into the fabric using a
Jacquard mechanism, allowing for complex and detailed designs.
METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC
 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

• Dobby Weave :
• Dobby weave is a type of weaving technique used to create fabric with small, geometric
patterns or textures
• It is characterized by the use of a dobby
attachment on the loom which allows for the
weaving of intricate designs by controlling the
movement of the warp threads
 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

2) Knitting

knitted fabric

• Knitting involves creating loops of yarn and interlocking them to form a fabric. There are
two main types of knitting: weft knitting and warp knitting. Weft knitting, such as jersey or
rib knit, creates a stretchy fabric, while warp knitting, like tricot or raschel knit, produces a
stable, non-stretch fabric.
 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

• Warp knitted fabric

Warp knitted fabric is a type of knitted fabric produced using a warp knitting process. In
warp knitting, the yarns are arranged parallel to the fabric's length (warp direction), and
each yarn is interlooped with adjacent yarns to form the fabric structure.
 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

• Weft knitting
• Weft knitting is a method of creating knitted fabric by interlocking yarns horizontally
across the fabric width.
• In weft knitting, a single continuous yarn is used to form loops
across the fabric, creating rows of stitches that run perpendicular
to the direction of the yarn.
Here's an overview of the weft knitting process:
Yarn Preparation > Needle Selection> Casting On> Knitting Rows> Shaping and
Patterns> Finishing
 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

• The most common machine used for weft knitting is the circular knitting machine
• The circular knitting machine creates a tube of fabric in a spiral configuration around a
cylinder.
 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

3. Braiding
• Braid is made by interlacing three or more
yarns or fabric strips, forming a flat or
tubular narrow fabric. It is used as
trimming and for belts and is also sewn
together to make hats and braided rugs.
• Plaiting, usually used synonymously with
braiding, may be used in a more limited
sense, applying only to a braid made from
Braided
fabric such materials as rope and straw.
 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

4. Noninterlaced fabrics
• With the exception of felt, nonwoven materials are in the early stages of development. There is
controversy about the precise meaning of the term nonwoven, but one authority defines nonwoven
fabrics as textile fabrics made of a fibrous layer having randomly laid or oriented fibres or threads
• Felt
• Felts are a class of fabrics or fibrous structures obtained through the interlocking of wool, fur,
or some hair fibres under conditions of heat, moisture, and pressure Other fibres will not felt
alone but can be mixed with wool, which acts as a carrier.
• Three separate industries manufacture goods through the use of these properties. The goods
produced are wool felt, in rolls and sheets; hats, both fur and wool; and woven felts, ranging
from thin billiard tablecloths to heavy industrial fabrics used for dewatering in the manufacture
of paper.
 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

• Felts of the nonwoven class are considered

to be the first textile goods produced, and
many references may be found to felts and
their uses in the histories of ancient
civilizations.
• The nomadic tribes of north central Asia
still produce felts for clothing and shelter,
utilizing the primitive methods handed
Felt fabric
down from antiquity.
 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

4. Bonding
• Several methods for making nonwoven materials are now firmly established, and others
are being developed.
• In adhesive bonding, fabrics are made by forming a web of fibres, applying an adhesive,
then drying and curing the adhesive.
• he web can be produced by a garnett machine or a conventional card, several layers being
piled up to obtain the required thickness
• Such webs are weak across the width, but this does not limit their use for certain end
products
• A more uniform product results from cross laying the web. Other machines, such as the
Rando-Webber, lay down the fibres by an airstream.
 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

• Mechanically bonded nonwoven products (or fibre-bonded nonwovens) are webs

strengthened by mechanical means. The web, sometimes reinforced by a thin cotton
scrim in the middle or by texturized yarns distributed lengthwise through it, is
punched by barbed needles mounted in a needle board
• The fibres in the web are caught up by the needle barbs, and the resulting increased
entanglement yields a compact product sufficiently strong for many purposes.
• Modern needle-felting or punching machines perform 900 punches per minute,
and selection of appropriate needles is based on the fibre being processed and the
desired product.
METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

Needle punch bonded fabric

 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

• Spun bond

• A process for forming nonwoven fabrics, usually

of limited durability, by bonding continuous-
filament synthetic fibers immediately after
extrusion.
• Spunbond is a technical textile with an excellent
strength-to-weight ratio. It is mainly used
for hygiene products and hygiene products and
medical products as protective clothing. Its
Spun bond fabric multitude of applications have increased its use
in sectors such as construction, agriculture,
upholstery, automotive, etc.
 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

• Crochet fabric
• Crochet is a series of interlocked loops created from 1 strand of yarn using a crochet hook.
• These fabrics can be made with a combination of many different types of stitches, but always
start with a chain stitch
• Unlike weaving and knitting, crochet tools are much simpler in terms of choosing what you
need to create your crochet fabric.

• Crochet hooks come in different sizes and materials and are chosen depending on
what you’re making, but the majority are made of aluminum and come in different
colors depending on their size. Some hooks are more ergonomic and more
comfortable to hold for longer periods – but they all work in the same way.
 METHODS USED TO MAKE FABRIC

Crochet fabrics are created by looping

yarn with a crochet hook to form a
textured and often intricate material.
While crochet fabrics may not have as
large of a market share as woven, non-
woven, or knitted fabrics, they are still
popular in niche markets such as
handmade crafts, fashion accessories,
and home decor.
Crochet Fabric
GLOBAL TEXTILE MARKET SHARE
 GLOBAL TEXTILE MARKET SHARE

• The fashion segment dominated the market in 2023, owing to the increasing consumer
spending on clothing and apparel.
• In addition, high consumer requirements for crease-free suiting & shirting fabrics and
quality dyed & printed fabrics across the globe are likely to drive the global market
demand for textiles over the forecast period.
• An increase in demand for formal & casual wear and other fashionable clothing among
all age groups in the global population is a major driver for the textiles market growth.
• Moreover, increasing population and urbanization in emerging economies such as India,
Bangladesh, Vietnam, Brazil, and others will likely propel the demand for clothing and
apparel, positively contributing to market advancement.
 GLOBAL TEXTILE MARKET SHARE

• Demand for textiles in the technical segment is expected to grow at the fastest rate over
the projected period, owing to its high-performance properties and end-user applications.
In addition, increasing application in construction, transportation, medical and protective
clothing have boosted their use, consequently driving the textiles market.
• he use of textiles in different areas of a household is one of the prominent growth drivers.
This includes its utilization in bedding, upholstery, carpets, kitchen cloths, towels, and
others. In addition, the high consumption of natural fibers, such as linen and cotton, along
with synthetic fibers used for household textiles, further propels the segment’s growth.
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1. Woven fabrics
• Woven fabrics are used for clothing, garments, decorations, furniture, carpets and other
uses.

2. Warp knitted fabric

• Warp knitted fabrics have several industrial uses, including producing mosquito netting,
tulle fabrics, sports wear, shoe fabric, fabrics for printing and advertising, coating
substrates and laminating backgrounds
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3. Weft Knitted Fabric

• Weft knitted fabrics is used widely in the clothing industry for example hosiery, sweaters,
foundation garments and active wear.
4. Braided Fabric
• Braids are frequently used as trimming or binding
• Flat braid may be used to produce a decorative border effect on garments or home
furnishings or may be folded over raw fabric edges as a finishing method
• Soutache is a decorative braid with a herringbone pattern, sometimes used to outline
designs.
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5 Felt Fabric
• Felt fabric is suitable for insulating and creating warmth
• Felt Fabric is also great for decorative goods, arts and crafts and soft furnishing
• Felt Fabric is used in tents and yurts and clothing.
6.Needle Punch Bonded Fabric
• Needle-punched nonwovens are commonly used for applications offering cushioning and
reinforcement against subgrade surface irregularities.
• hese surface irregularities can impact concentrated forces perpendicular to the plane of
the geotextile, leading to its puncture failure.
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7 Spun Bond Fabric

• Various industries utilize the product for disposal purposes like masks, sanitary napkins,
bandages, towels, wipes, child diapers, disposable dresses, carry bags, dust cloths, etc.
8. Crochlet Fabric
• Crochlet Fabric is used in beautiful home decor items such as afghans, table runners, and
doilies.
• Crochet Fabric Can be use it to make clothing items such as sweaters, hats, and scarves.
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