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Week 1 Chemistry of Life and Cells
Week 1 Chemistry of Life and Cells
Chapter sections (11th ed. of textbook): 3.2, 6.2, 6.5, 6.7, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
Hi, again!
Active learning!
Research has shown that we
learn when:
• our prior knowledge is
challenged
• we figure out what we know and
don’t know
• we engage in problems/activities
that help us build our skills
• we work in groups – no matter
what your role
Atom structure is
fundamental to all
properties of all matter
Figure 2.1
Atom structure
• Electron orbitals have set levels of
energy
• Potential energy; based on
distance from nucleus
• Where is the lowest energy?
Figure 2.6
Chemical bonds: Covalent bond
• Covalent bonds
Figure 2.9
Chemical bonds: Polar covalent bond
• Atoms in a molecule attract
electrons to varying degrees
• Electronegativity is an atom’s
attraction for the electrons in a
covalent bond
Figure 2.11
Chemical bonds: Ionic bond
• Strong, but dissociate in water
Figure 2.14
Four emergent properties of water
• Cohesive behavior
• Ability to moderate temperature
• Versatility as a solvent
• Expansion upon freezing
CAVE
• Constantly forming
and breaking and
forming bonds with
other adjacent
molecules
Figure 3.2
Draw out the electron cloud for water
• Because of the polarity, the electrons don’t spend equal time at both
atoms; what might that look like?
Draw out the electron cloud for water
• Because of the polarity, the electrons don’t spend equal time at both
atoms
Figure 3.4
Ability to moderate temperature
• High specific heat
Figure 3.6
Ability to moderate temperature
• Heat of vaporization is the heat a liquid
must absorb for 1 g to be converted to
gas
• As a liquid evaporates, its remaining
surface cools, a process called
evaporative cooling
• Hydration shell
Figure 3.8
Versatility as a solvent
• Water can dissolve compounds
made of nonionic polar molecules,
or large molecules with ionic and
polar regions
Figure 3.9
Expansion upon freezing
• Ice floats in liquid water because hydrogen
bonds in ice are more “ordered,” making
ice less dense than water
Figure 3.1
Expansion upon freezing
Figure 6.8
Plant cell
Figure 6.8
Surface area to volume
Figure 6.7
Plasma membrane
Figure 6.6
The Endosymbiont theory
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts
have similarities with bacteria:
• Enveloped by a double membrane
• Contain free ribosomes and
circular DNA molecules
• Grow and reproduce somewhat
independently
in cells
• These similarities led to the
endosymbiont theory
Figure 6.16
Chloroplasts: Capture light energy via
chlorophyll pigment
Mitochondria:
Chemical energy conversion, synthesize ATP
Figure 6.29
Animals:
Figure 6.30
Questions:
• Do animal cells have chloroplasts? Do plant cells have mitochondria?
• What is the major functional difference between mitochondria and
chloroplasts?
• Why do biologists believe that both of these organelles have "double
membranes"?
• Does the cell wall take the place of the cell membrane in plant cells?
Figure 7.1
Fluid mosaic model
In the fluid mosaic model, the membrane is a mosaic of protein
molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids
Proteins are not randomly distributed in the membrane
Figure 7.4
Fluid mosaic model
• Does the role of cholesterol
make sense?
Figure 7.5
Selective permeability
A membrane’s selective permeability:
• It allows some substances to cross more easily than others
• Regulating transport across cellular boundaries is essential
• Form fits function
• Fluid mosaic model helps explain how membranes regulate
substances
Passive vs active transport
• Diffusion is the tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the
available space
• Although each molecule moves randomly, diffusion of a population of
molecules may be directional
• At dynamic equilibrium, as many molecules cross the membrane in
one direction as in the other
Figure 7.11
Passive vs active transport
• Substances diffuse down their concentration gradient, the region
along which the density of a chemical substance increases or
decreases
• No work must be done to move substances down the concentration
gradient
• The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane is passive
transport because no energy is expended by the cell to make it
happen
Doesn’t mean no energy involved, but no ATP
used
(conc. gradient = potential energy
ions diffusing = kinetic energy)
Energy gradients
• Membrane potential, concentration gradients, electrochemical
gradient
Figure 7.18
Na-K pump
maintains
concentration
gradients and
membrane
potential
Figure 7.16
Cotransport and membrane potential
Explain how this makes sense
for the cell
Figure 7.19
Osmosis
What is going on in this
figure?
Figure 7.12
Osmosis
Figure 7.13
Types of transport
What about osmosis?
Figure 7.17
Wrap up:
• Thank you!
• Submit the quiz before class Friday (cut-off on Monday at 10am, just
like Dr. Davis’s assignments)
• The activities from this lecture are due by the 27th)
• For Monday, read Chapter 10