Biotechnology

By: Saachi, Shravani, Samrudhi, Pratiksha,

and Anushree
General

Biotechnology uses either living materials or For example, the production of recombinant
biological products to create new proteins, resistant crops, vegetables, higher
products for their use in various milk-producing animals, and the list is endless.
pharmaceutical, medical, agricultural, and
environmental applications, with the
ultimate goal to benefit humanity.
 What are biofuels?
• Biofuels are alternative fuels made from plant and
plant-derived resources. Biofuels are used mainly for
transportation.
There are two types of biofuels:
Bioethanol
• Bioethanol, the principal fuel used as
substitute for petrol for road
transport vehicles, is mainly produced by
the sugar fermentation process of
cellulose (starch), which is mostly derived
from maize and sugar cane.
Biodiesel.
• Biodiesel on the other hand is mainly
produced from oil crops such as rapeseed,
palm, and soybean.
Biotechnology and energy
How is energy used in biotechnology
Biotechnology can contribute to the
fossil fuel industry by assisting the
production of
• Fossil fuels
• Upgrading fuels
• Bioremediation of water, soil, and
air
in the control of microbiologically
influenced corrosion
Renewable energy in Biotechnology
Microbial biotechnology is an important strategy
for sustainable bioprocesses in which microorganisms
and their enzymes are used for the conversion of
carbohydrates, lignins, glycerols into
various renewable resources like bioenergy
production.
Genetic modification using Chemistry
• Artic apples
• Arctic® apples are genetically engineered to prevent them from browning.
Apples naturally contain antioxidants known as polyphenols that can react
with oxygen in the air to cause browning. Polyphenol is a compound
containing more than one phenolic hydroxyl group. It is a polymer antioxidant
mostly present in cinnamon.
• Bread Making
• Flour, sugar, water and salt are mixed with yeast to make the dough.
• Amylase breaks down some starch to make maltose and glucose. (This is used
by yeast in respiration)
• The dough is kept in a warm, moist environment (28°c).
• Yeast ferments sugar making carbon dioxide which creates bubbles, so
bread rises
• Cooking (at 180°c) – kills yeast, evaporates alcohol and hardens outer surface.
Insulin
Insulin is a protein composed of two chains, an
A chain (with 21 amino acids) and a B chain
(with 30 amino acids), which are linked together
by sulfur atoms. Insulin is derived from a 74-
amino-acid prohormone molecule called
proinsulin. The human insulin is comprised of
51 amino acids and has a molecular weight of
5808 Da.
It is produced by beta cells of the pancreas and
plays a key role in regulating carbohydrate and
fat metabolism in the body. Insulin is
synthesized as a single polypeptide known
as preproinsulin in pancreatic beta cells. It
contains a peptide linkage.​
Biofuels and
Ethanol
•Maize and sugarcane are the two
crops used to from biofuels from
ethanol. Maize is treated with amylase
enzyme. Yeast is then added and
allowed to use the glucose in
anaerobic respiration. The ethanol
extracted is mixed with gasoline to
make biofuel. Sulfuric and
hydrochloric acids are also used in
biodiesel production.
Cloud computing
• helps centralises data, ensuring security and data
management while facilitating collaboration.
ICT and
Biotechnology
• in biotech include drug target identification, drug
AI applications screening, image screening, and
predictive modelling. • ICT has a significant impact on the development of
biotechnology processes using electrical
energy and mechanical energy.
• in the medical field are transforming how surgeries • Chemical energy is converted to electrical energy
are performed, simplifying supply delivery and
Robots disinfection, which enables providers to focus on which is used by robots, AI, Cloud computing,
engaging with and caring for patients. and the internet.

• is the most potent tool of this information age. It

provides the opportunity to search for that
The Internet information, which was available only by reaching
the information centre.
Evalution of CISPER and cas9
 Thermodynamics in general deals with the
relation between heat and other forms of
energy, such as:
• Mechanical energy
• Electrical energy

Thermodynamics • Chemical energy

Thermodynamics in biotechnology revolves
around specific energy consumption rates,
which is an important parameter for
modelling energy demands for cell growth.
Credits
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embryo.asu.edu www.techtarget.com
www.healthline.com www.drishtiias.com
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infograph.venngage.com archive.unu.edu
app.grammarly.com www.encyclopedia.com
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www.researchgate.net www.cambridge.org
www.sciencedirect.com sitn.hms.harvard.edu
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Thank
you