PATIENTS WHO REQUIRE

CPR
INTRODUCTION
 When it is done properly, CPR is an excellent
life –saving skill that has helped countless
people survive and recover from an accident.
The problem is that many people don’t know
when they should or should not perform CPR.
This lack of knowledge can be incredibly
harmful to someone who needs it.
 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is used in an
emergency if someone is not breathing
normally , or their heart has stopped . This
combination of techniques is used:
i) chest compressions
ii) rescue breathing(mouth to mouth)
DEFINITION OF CPR
 An emergency procedure used to restart a
person's heartbeat and breathing after one or
both have stopped.
How can you tell if someone needs
CPR
1. They are not breathing
If the person is not breathing, it’s time to
perform CPR to circulate oxygenated blood
through the body. Without blood flow and
oxygen, the heart stops beating and the brain
starts dying. The average person can only go
without oxygen between four and six minutes
before irreversible damage is done to the brain.
If you start CPR within that time frame after
cardiac arrest, there is hope that a person will
survive without much brain damage.
2.They take occasional gasping breaths
When someone goes into cardiac arrest, they
may continue to breathe for a while. If they
occasionally gasp for breath, CPR compressions
should be started right away.
Continuation……….
3.The heart has stopped beating
If you cannot feel a pulse, begin performing CPR. If the
heart isn’t pumping, oxygen is not getting to the rest of
the body. Chest compressions keep blood flowing to the
heart and brain until emergency responders can take over
and try other methods of resuscitation.

4.The person is unconscious/unresponsive

It is recommended that you begin CPR if the person is
unconscious or unresponsive, and they are not breathing.
Studies show that doing CPR when not needed, is less
risky than not doing CPR when it is needed.
WHEN SHOULD YOU START CPR OR
COMPRESSIONS?

 After determining that a person needs CPR,

start immediately. The faster you jump into
action, the higher their chances of survival.
Delaying longer than is necessary may
damage the brain or other organs, leading to
more problems down the road.
WHEN SHOULD YOU NOT PERFORM CPR?

 You may want to immediately rush onto the scene to try and
start CPR after witnessing a sudden cardiac arrest or injury but
this is not always the best idea. You could end up putting
yourself in danger and needing to be rescued yourself if you
aren’t cautious.
 The area is too dangerous
 When conditions are hazardous, you may not be the best
person in the situation to help. If someone is electrocuted,
there may be downed power lines in the area and you could get
electrocuted yourself.
 In the event of a car accident on a busy road, you could get hit
trying to access the scene. This creates more chaos and can
prove fatal.
 Make sure that the area is totally safe before going in to assist.
Continuation…….
The person is still breathing normally
 If someone is breathing normally, you usually

do not need to perform CPR. Oxygen is still

getting to the brain and the heart is obviously
functioning for the time being.
 Keep an eye on the person to note any

changes and to start CPR if their condition

worsens. Continue to check for a pulse and
regular breaths.
WHAT ARE THE THREE PARTS OF CPR?
The three basic parts of CPR are easily remembered as "CAB": C for
compressions, A for airway, and B for breathing.
 C is for compressions. Chest compressions can help the flow of

blood to the heart, brain, and other organs. CPR begins with 30
chest compressions, followed by two rescue breaths. According
to the American Heart Association, rescuers doing compressions
should "push hard, fast, and in the center of the chest."
 A is for airway. After 30 compressions, check the person's airway

to make sure it is open for breathing. The airway may be blocked

by the tongue when someone loses consciousness or by
food or another foreign object.
 B is for breathing. Rescue breathing starts after the 30
compressions, when the airway is open. Someone doing rescue
breathing breathes for the victim by forcing air into the lungs.
This includes breathing into the victim's mouth at the right times
and checking for signs of life.
WHAT ARE THE TWO MAIN TYPES OF
CPR?

1. Hands-only CPR. Involves calling for help

and then pushing on the chest in a rapid
motion. These movements are called chest
compressions. ...
2. Traditional CPR with breaths. Also called CPR
with breaths, this alternates chest
compressions with mouth-to-mouth breaths.
 People who have no CPR training, or who received
training many years ago, should use hands-only CPR.
It’s also best for those who have CPR training but
might not be comfortable with the method enough to
help someone experiencing cardiac arrest.
 People with training in traditional CPR, and who are
comfortable with the method, can use this technique.
 Hands-only CPR is appropriate for adults and teens
in distress. Traditional CPR is appropriate for anyone
in cardiac arrest, including adults, teens, children,
and infants.
STEPS FOR HANDS ONLY CPR
1. Survey the scene.
 Make sure it’s safe for you to reach the person in need of help.

2. Check the person for responsiveness.

 Tap their shoulder and ask loudly, “Are you OK?”

3. If the person isn’t responsive, seek immediate help.

 Call 911 or your local emergency services if the person isn’t responsive.

If you’re alone and believe the person is a victim of drowning, begin CPR
first for 2 minutes before calling emergency services.
4. Place the person on a firm, flat surface.
 To prepare to give chest compressions, place them safely on a flat

surface and kneel beside them.

5. Check the heart with an automated external defibrillator (AED).
 If an AED is readily available, use it to check the person’s heart rhythm.

The machine may also instruct you to deliver one electric shock to their
heart before beginning chest compressions.
 If an AED isn’t immediately available, start chest compressions
immediately.
6. Locate hand position.
 If the person is an adult, place the heel of one of your hands in the

center of their chest, between the nipples. Put your other hand on
top of the first. Interlock your fingers and raise them up so only the
heel of your hand remains on their chest.

7. Begin compressions.
 To start compressions on an adult, use your upper body to push

straight down on their chest at least 2 inches. Perform these at a rate

of 100 to 120 compressions per minute. Allow their chest to recoil
between compressions.

8. Continue compressions.
 Repeat the compression cycle until the person starts to breathe or

medical help arrives. If the person begins to breathe, have them lie
on their side quietly until medical assistance is on the scene.
Performing mouth-to-mouth resuscitation

 Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, or CPR with

breaths, is appropriate to give to an adult,
teen, child, or infant. The chest compression
technique is different for each age group.
 Starting chest compressions first on someone
who’s unresponsive or not breathing normally
can help send this critical oxygen to the brain
and heart without delay.
 For infants under the age of 1 and for children,
ventilation (rescue breaths) and compression
are both essential.
CPR WITH BREATHS: STEPS FOR ADULTS AND TEENS

1. Perform chest compressions.

 After checking the scene for safety and placing the person on a firm, flat surface,

perform 30 chest compressions.

2. Open the airway.
 Put the palm of your hand on the person’s forehead and tilt your head back. Gently lift

their chin forward with your other hand.

3. Give rescue breaths
 With the airway open, pinch the nostrils shut, and cover the person’s mouth with a

CPR face mask to make a seal. For infants, cover both mouth and nose with the mask.
If a mask isn’t available, cover the person’s mouth with yours.
 Give two rescue breaths, each lasting about 1 second.
 Watch for their chest to rise with each breath. If it doesn’t, reposition the face mask

and try again.

4. Alternate rescue breathing with chest compressions.
 Continue alternating 30 compressions with two rescue breaths until the person begins

to breathe or until medical help arrives.

 If the person begins to breathe, have him or her lie on their side quietly until medical

assistance is on the scene

CPR WITH BREATHS: STEPS FOR CHILDREN

Depending on the age of the child, use a two-handed or one-handed

compression technique. Follow these steps:
1. Check the scene for safety.
 If the scene is safe, get consent from the parent or guardian to start

CPR.
2. Check for responsiveness.
 Shout the child’s name, if you know it, and tap their shoulder. At the

same time, check for breathing as well as bleeding and injury. Check
for no longer than 10 seconds.
3. Place the child on a firm, flat surface.
 Kneel beside the child when they are safely on a flat surface.

4. Give 30 compressions.
 For an older child, use both hands interlocked. For a small child, use

the one-handed technique with the heel of the hand in the middle of
the child’s chest. Use a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute, at
a depth of about 2 inches.
5. Open the airway.
 Open the airway just past a neutral position, by tilting the

head and lifting the chin.

6. Give two breaths.
 Blow into the child’s mouth for 1 second. Watch to confirm

the chest rises. Allow the air to exit the mouth before giving
the next breath.
 If the chest does not rise, try to retilt the head. Ensure there

is a proper seal when giving the next breath.

7. Continue alternating breathing with chest compressions.
 Continue until you see signs of life or emergency help is

available. If you are alone and need to call for help, stop
after 2 minutes (5 rounds of 30 compressions and 2
breaths) to do so.
CPR WITH BREATHS: STEPS FOR
INFANTS AND BABIES
 For infants and babies, use two thumbs or two fingers to give compressions. Follow
these steps:
1. Check the scene for safety.
 After confirming that the scene is safe, ask the parent or guardian for permission to

start CPR.
2. Check for responsiveness.
 Shout the baby’s name, if you know it, to get their attention. Tap their foot. Check to

see if they are breathing. Look for bleeding or signs of injury. Check for no longer than
10 seconds.

3. Place the child on a firm, flat surface.

 Kneel or stand beside the infant when they are safely on a flat surface.

4. Give 30 compressions.
 Place both thumbs next to each other in the center of the chest. Circle the rest of the

fingers around the baby to provide support. Push down on both thumbs hard and fast.
Use a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute, at a depth of about 1 1/2 inches.
 Instead of using your thumbs, you can use two fingers parallel to the chest.

 Perform 30 compressions.
5. Open the airway.
 Open the airway to a neutral position, by tilting the head and

lifting the chin.

6. Give two breaths.
 Blow into the baby’s mouth for 1 second. Watch to confirm

that the chest is rising. Allow the air to exit the mouth before
giving the baby another breath.
 If the chest does not rise, lift the chin or tilt the head again.

Ensure there is a proper seal when giving the next breath.

7. Continue alternating breathing with chest compressions.
 Continue until you see signs of life. You can also transfer care

to emergency personnel when that help is available. If you are

alone and need to call for assistance, stop after 2 minutes (5
rounds of 30 compressions and 2 breaths) to do so.