Theories of Diplomacy & IR

School of Diplomacy and International Relations
Prepared by: Endale Nigussie, Lecturer at

SDIR, ECSU/
Lecturer: Getachew T. (PhD)
Tuesday, April 2, 2024 PP TDIR ,SDIR MA Regular 2019 Endale N. S
Contents of the Module
Part- One:- Theories of IR
Unite-1: IR: Subject, Conceptions and Theories
Unit -2:-International System and States
Part-Two:-Theories of Diplomacy
Unit - Three:-Diplomacy in the System of IR, Basic
Concepts and Theories
Unit - Four: Methods and Forms of Diplomacy
Tuesday, April 2, 2024 PP TDIR ,SDIR MA Regular 2019 Endale N. 2

Teaching Materials
The Contents Can Be Availed in:-
1. Teaching Slides of the Modules
- soft copy of the module may
be given at the end of each unit
-Hard copy materials will be
accessible at SDIR Library

Teaching Methods
The mode of delivery is interactive
type combining:-
- brainstorming
- lecture Session
- class discussion,
- group discussions and presentation
- discussion on relevant current affairs

Assessment Methods
 Students will be assessed based on the
following parameters:-
- Test –One………………….____20%
- Group assignment …………._20%
- Individual assignments…… 20%
- Final exam………………………….40%
Total …………………….100%
Major Issues of Discussion
The major discussion points in this
module are:-
♠ International Relations(IRs)
♠ International System and States
♠ Methods and Forms of Diplomacy

1.0.Brainstorming session
Why do States need to have?
Is there any one/state/ self-sufficient?
Why is relations so crucial?
*Reading assignment: for the this
week: What are the foundations of
IRs?
Why do we need state and exerting IRS?
No one is self-sufficient including state
 To manage, regulate human needs/gaps
Establishing state is unavoidable.
specialization are at the center of dep't

Human Beings have established state or
government so as to
Fulfill gaps through various specialization
Make life peaceful, orderly and easy.
Imagine life without government

 Human Beings have formed state and
conducted IRs based on two main
philosophical foundations. These are:
 The first assumption comes from Plato.
Human Beings are social Animals
 Social existence is a pre-condition for
human beings development .
PP TDIR ,SDIR MA Regular 2022 Getachew

Tuesday, April 2, 2024 T(PhD) 10
• Under normal condition no one can live
alone including state.
• Social existence of human beings brings
interaction.
• these interactions may bring cooperation
or conflicts.

 The second assumption comes from
Aristotle.
• Human Beings by nature they are
political Animals.

 So as to lead peaceful and productive life
 rational and competent citizens should
be familiar with the works of politics .

Is there any one who is out of the political
processes?
Generally politics is:
-about diversity
-about collective decision
-about power sharing
The art science of leadership
-is the study of who gets what, when and how.

 So as to maximize cooperation &
minimize conflicts
 human beings initiated to establish state
and conduct international relations.

Brainstorming session……..
Sovereign States need to have IRs:-
 because there is no single State that is self-sufficient and that can
exist independently without establishing relationship with other
States.
 the existence of gaps in political, economic, social, security,
environmental areas at home is the characteristics of all countries
 Hence, States need to have relations among each other in the
international arena so that they can fulfill their gaps/needs.
 NB:- domestic gaps and needs are basis of IR

Brainstorming session……….
Sovereign States need to have I.Laws:-
because all the relations and interactions among
the sovereign states must be governed by laws of
agreement, laws of treaty
if relations and interactions among Sovereign
States are not governed by laws of treaties they
may end up in creating chaos.
Is there law in the international arena? What do
you think?
Sovereign States need to have IOs:-
 because ILs must be practiced in an organized
and coordinated ways which can be done by
responsible international bodies.
if ILs are not being practiced and administered on

the basis of principles and standards set by IOs,
they may not serve their purposes.
Sovereign States need to have policy:-
because States can express their needs and
agenda through their policy documents,
directions and programs
practicing IRs based on ILs through IOs to fulfill
gaps and needs is possible by using foreign
policy as content, direction and paradigm of
national interests
Brainstorming session…
Sovereign States need to have diplomacy:-
 All the contents of policies can be implemented using
different implementing tools and instruments
 IRs, ILs, IOs and foreign policy can not practiced without
diplomacy as tool and instrument of implementation
 Hence, diplomacy is one of the fundamental tools through

which contents of foreign policy can be implemented
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Definition of International Relations
What does the concept IRs mean?
 IR deals with who gets what, when and how
 Who refers to actors
 What refers to the goal/s that actors want to secure in In/s
 When refers to the time duration
 How refers to the tools

Definition of International Relations…
IR encompasses much more than the
relations among nation-states and
international organization and groups. It
includes a great variety of transitional
relationships, at various levels, above and
below the level of the nation-state, still the
main actor in international community

…..Definition of International Relations
Relations between many entities of uncertain
sovereignties.
 like: states, governments, peoples, regions,
alliances, confederations, international
organizations, religious organizations, etc.

Definition of International Relations……..
International relations as a field of study refers to
interactions among actors in the international
arena.
The main actors are Sovereign States.
There are non-state actors such as:-
- inter-governmental organizations such as the UN, IGAD
- non-governmental organizations like Doctors Without Borders,
- multinational corporations like Coca Cola

Definition of International Relations……
Very broadly, the field of international
relations is devoted to the study of how
system of states could be made to work
more effectively to enhance the power of
law, peacefully manage interstate affairs,
preserve order and minimize the
prospects of war
Definition of International Relations….
A strict definition of International
Relations would confine itself to
the relationships and interactions
between and among national
governments which can be bi-
lateral and multi-lateral
Definition of International Relations….
IR is shaped by participants including
national leaders, politicians, private
citizens, owners of multinational
corporations, experts, activists, non-
governmental organizations...
IR can be affected by domestic political,
economic, cultural, social events,
technology, geography of nations
1.2. Historical Background
In one way or the other, historical development
of IRs is related to the creation of modern States
The history of IRs is often traced back to the
Peace of Westphalia of 1648, where the modern
state system was developed.
Before Westphalia, the European medieval
organization of political authorities were based on
a vaguely hierarchical religious order,
governments were not secular

Historical background…
On October 24th 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia
was signed, marking the end of the Thirty Years'
War between Catholic and Protestant
believers/followers.
The Westphalia area of north-western Germany
gave its name to the treaty that ended the Thirty
Years' War.
The war began in 1618, when the Austrians tried
to impose Roman Catholicism on their Protestant
subjects.
Westphalia Peace System encouraged the:-
- rise of independent nation-state,
- institutionalization of IRs
- establishment of national armies in Europe.
System of Westphalia was adopted to:-
- America,
- Africa and
- Asia via colonialism and ‘modernization’

Although political philosophers have
written about international politics for
centuries, the separate discipline of IR
is thought to have occurred at the end
of the WW I with the establishment of
a Department of IR at the University of
Wales.

 It is impossible to separate the
foundation of the discipline of IR
from the larger public reaction to
the horrors of the ‘WWI’, in which
modern States were the actors
Read about WWI

For many historians, the intellectual
question which eclipsed all others and
monopolized their interest was the puzzle of
how and why the WWI began.
To discover and discuss about the causes of

the WWI is important so that future
generations might be spared a similar
catastrophe.
The war shook the confidence of those who
had invested their faith in classical diplomacy
and who thought the use of force was necessary
at times to maintain the balance of power.
At the outbreak of the WWI concerns about
the human cost of war were linked with the
widespread notion that the old international
order, with its secret diplomacy and secret
treaties, was plainly immoral.
At the aftermath of the WWI, a new academic
discipline was thought essential to understand
and prevent international conflicts, disputes as
well as wars in the glob.
 The scholars in the field, working within
universities in the victorious countries
(UK ,USA) agreed that the following four
questions should guide the new field of inquiry,
these are the following.

1. What were the main causes of the WWI?
2. What were the main lessons that could be
learned from the WWI?
3. On what basis could a new international
order be created?
4. How could international institutions,
particularly the League of Nations, ensure
that States comply with its defining
principles?

In response to these questions, many scholars
of IRs maintained that WWI was partly:-
- the result of ‘international anarchy
- the result of misunderstandings
- miscalculations on the part of politicians.
It was in this process that IR was coined as
independent discipline.

1.3. KEY ELEMENTS IN IR
1.3.1. The State
1.3.2. International conflicts,
1.3.3. Power and Polarity
1.3.4. Satellite states
1.3.5. Tools of International Relations
1.3.6. Globalization

1.3.1.STATE: a) Meaning of the State
The word State has often been taken as
synonym for nation, country and government
In Political Science, the term State has a specific
meaning as an assemblage of people occupying
a definite territory under an effectively
organized government and subject to no
control
Different scholars defined and discussed the
concept Sate differently based on their
perspectives

Meaning of the State ………
According to Aristotle State came into
existence for the bare needs of good life
for human beings
This means human beings need State to
satisfy their diverse needs.
In other words the State helps human to
develop his personal, social, cultural and
economical life.

Meaning of the State .....
“The state is a politically organized people in a
 definite territory.”
-Bluntschli
“The state is people organized by law with in a
 definite territory.”
-Woodrow Wilson
“The territorial society divided into government and
subjects claiming with in its allotted physical area ,
a supremacy over all other institutions.”
-Harold Laski
1.3.1.STATE:b)Elements of State
 A Sovereign State possesses 4 elements:-
- Population
- Territory
- Government
- Sovereignty
 Out of these four elements of sovereign state:-
- The first two are physical elements;
- The third is political
- The fourth is spiritual.
Elements of State …….
1.Population
A population of some kind is necessary
for the existence of the State.
However, no limit can be placed on the

number of people constituting the state.
Increase or decrease in population makes

no difference in statehood.
The modern tendency is in favor of
states with huge population, for
example, China, India, USA, Russia
Though no limit can be placed on the
population of a state, it should not be
more than what the territorial
resources of the state are capable of
supporting.

2. Territory
The word “Territory” covers the surface of the
land within well-defined boundaries, the sub
soil, lakes, rivers and also air space above the
land.
Territorial integrity of the state refers to
sentiment of oneness and the object of
patriotism and both together constitute the
permanent existence of the state.

Not only population and government, but
also the occupation of a fixed territory is
essential, otherwise the state could not be
readily identified and recognized.
No limit can be put on the territory of the

state, although opinion has differed on the
political utility of a small and a big state .

3. Government
The government as an element focuses on the
common purpose of the people occupying a
definite territory.
It is through government that common policies
are determined, common affairs are regulated
and common interests are promoted.
Therefore, a State does not exist without a
government, no matter what form a
government may assume.
4. Sovereignty
In legal jurisprudence, Sovereignty is understood
as full right and power of a given people and
governing body to live and govern itself without
any interference from outside
In political theory, the term Sovereignty is derived

from the Latin word Superanus which means
supreme, absolute and ultimate authority over a
polity by a people.

Elements of State ……
Sovereignty as distinguishable feature of a
state can have Internal and External aspects
1. Internal Sovereignty
 Internal sovereignty refers to the peoples’ and
state’s monopoly of ultimate authority inside it’s
constitutional jurisdictions.
 This authority cannot be shared and non of its
members within its territory can owe obedience to
any other state.
2. External Sovereignty
 A State is externally sovereign, in the sense that it is not
subjected against its will to another State or to any
higher authority
External sovereignty refers, in one way or the
other, to the following situations.
• If a state admits no rival within its own territory, it
logically follows that it has no authority outside it’s own
territory;
• If the will of a State is its own, unaffected by the will of
any other external authority.

State and Government
The state is often confused with the government, the
two terms being used interchangeably.
State Government
The state has authority Government has no inherent
inherent in itself, that is powers and it acts as an
sovereignty agent of the state.
The state is a people organized by Government is the working

law within definite territory governed machinery of the state through
by a legitimate authority with which common interests are
effective control. promoted.

State and Government ………
State Government
State possesses the Government changes after the
character of permanence & expiry of stated period and
continuity. replace by others.
State is a notion or in other Government is something
words a concept. (abstraction) really existing. (emphatically
concrete)
State is both a sociological & Government is just a dealing
a legal entity. agency of a state.

1.3.2. International Conflict
So long as there is bargaining to maximize national
interests among sovereign states international
conflicts always exist.
 In such international bargaining, States develop
capabilities that give them leverage to obtain more
favorable outcomes.
The following are the major and commonly known
accepted issues of international conflicts

Issues of International Conflict
1. Territorial/border disputes
- improper secession claims
- inter-state borders claims
- lingering disputes
- territorial/international Waters
- airspace…………………………

Issues of International Conflict…
2. Economic conflicts over:-
• Trade/market
• Money-laundry
• Natural Resources
• Drug Trafficking,
• other economic transactions

Issues of International Conflicts…
3. Ethnic Conflict
 Although conflicts between ethnic groups often
have material form, notably over territory and
government control, ethnic conflict may stem
from a dislike or hatred.
 Ethnic groups who are large number of people
sharing ancestral, language, cultural, or
religious ties and a common identity often
form basis for nationalist sentiments.
Issues of International Conflicts
4. Religious Conflict
• Since religion is the core of a
community’s value system in much of
the world, people whose religious
practices differ are treated as unworthy
or even inhuman.
• When overlaid on ethnic and territorial

conflicts, religion often surfaces as the
central and most visible division
between groups.
• Recently, fundamentalist movements
have become larger and more powerful
in Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and
other religions.
• Such movements challenge the values
and practices of secular political
organizations and governments
• Ultimately these movements get support
from other countries of same values
according to religious values and
practices.
5. Ideological Conflict
• To a large extent ideology is like religion that
symbolizes and intensifies conflicts between
groups and states.
• During the Cold-War, there was a global
ideological struggle between capitalism and
communism.
• The alliance and military competition in the
struggle during the Cold War were designed
according the ideological factors.
• Currently, what are the conflicting ideologies
Tuesday,in
April the
2, 2024 world?
PP TDIR ,SDIR MA Regular 2019 Endale N. 60
1.3.3. Satellite States
 The concept of satellite State is a political term
that refers to a country which is formally
independent, but under heavy influence or
control by another country.
 The term was coined by analogy to stellar/star
objects orbiting a larger object, such as moons
revolving around larger planets.
 Used mainly to refer to Central and Eastern
European countries of the Warsaw Pact during
the Cold War.
SATELLITE STATE and IR…
 As used for Central and Eastern European
countries, it implies that the countries in question
were "satellites" of the USSR.
 In Western propaganda, the term had been used
to refer to states that were in the Soviet orbit.
 In Soviet propaganda, the term was used to refer
to the states in the orbit of Nazi Germany and
Fascist Italy.

1.3.4.Tools of International Relations
1. Diplomacy
 Diplomacy is the practice of communication and
negotiation between representatives of states.
 To some extent, all other tools of international
relations can be considered the failure of diplomacy.
 The use of other tools are part of the communication
and negotiation inherent within diplomacy,
sanctions, forces, and adjusting trade regulations.
Tools of International Relations…
2. Sanctions
Sanctions are usually the first resort after
the failure of diplomacy used to enforce
treaties.
Sanctions can take the form of diplomatic
or economic and involve the cutting of ties
and imposition of barriers to communication
or trade.
3. War
A widely accepted definition of war is it is the
continuation of politics by other means.
War, the use of force, is often thought of as
the ultimate tool of international relations.
The study of war in IR is covered by the
disciplines of 'War Studies' and 'Strategic

4. mobilization of international shame
The mobilization of international shame can
also be thought of as a tool of International
Relations.
 This is attempting to alter states' actions through
'naming and shaming' at the international level.
 This is mostly done by the Human Rights
organizations.

Major Theories of
International
Relations
2.1. Theories of IRs
A theory of IRs is a set of ideas that explains
how the international system works.
Unlike an ideology, a theory of IRs is (at least
in principle) backed up with concrete
evidence.
Most theories of IRs are based on the idea that
states always act in accordance with their
national interest, or the interests of that
particular state.
Theories of IRs…………..
State interests often include:-
- self-preservation,
- military security,
- economic prosperity, and
- influence over other states

Theories of IRs...
The two major theories of IRs are the
following.
1.Positivist Theory
2.Post-Positivist Theory
1. Positivist Theory
 Positivism refers to the existents of absolute
knowledge in both natural and social sciences.
 Positivist theory can be explained through the following
sub-theories or elements
Theories of IR….
1.1. Realism
 According to realism, states work only to increase
their own power relative to that of other states.
 Realism, above all things, focuses on state security
and power mainly military power.
 For the early realists:-
- states are self-reliant and power-seeking .
- power is the only tool to influence international arena

Theories of IR….
For realists, the world is a harsh and
dangerous place.
In this harsh and dangerous world the most

important and reliable tool is power, mainly
military powers.

Theories of IR….
For realists, the international system is defined as
anarchy-the absence of a central authority
In such anarchic system, State power is the key to
promote and protect national interests.
Realists maintain that in order to ensure survival,
States must maximize their power relative to
others
 Do you buy this idea? Why? Why not?

Neo-realism
 States are key actors & determine rules of game
 Inter-state r/s are based on selfish human nature
 National interests realized by maximizing power
 Order is a balance of power: states prevent
rival from dominance by means of diplomacy,
cooperation and military
 Security is a function of power
 Bi-polar, multi-polar & uni-polar structures have
d/t rules of game.

Theories of IR…..
1. 2. Idealism/liberalism
 Idealism/Liberalism developed in the 1970s as some
scholars began arguing that realism was outdated.
 It emphasizes that the broad ties among states have both
made it difficult to define national interest and
decreased the usefulness of military power.
 Increasing globalization, the rapid rise in
communications and the increase in international trade
meant that states could no longer rely on simple power
military to decide matters.
Theories of IR…..
Early Idealist like Socrates and early liberalists like
Woodrow Wilson argued that States mutually
gained from cooperation and that war was so
destructive to be essentially futile.
Liberalism claims the following
1. The world is a harsh and dangerous place, but the
consequences of using military power often
outweigh the benefits.

Theories of IR…..
2. Military power is not the only form of power;
Economic and social power matter a great deal
too.
3. Exercising economic power has proven more
effective than exercising military power.
4. Different states often have different primary
interests.
5. International rules and organizations can help
foster cooperation, trust, and prosperity.
Theories of IR…..
Liberalism can be explained by the following
Example.
♠ Relations among the major Western powers fit a
model of complex interdependence very well.
♠ The US has significant disagreements with its European
and Asian allies policies, but US has not been
using military power against any of these allies.
♠ Instead, the United States relies on economic pressure
and incentives to achieve its policy aims.

Theories of IR…..
1.3. IDEALISM
 Idealism stresses the need for states to pursue moral
goals and to act ethically in the international arena.
 Idealists believe that behavior considered immoral on an
interpersonal level is also immoral in foreign policy.
 Therefore, idealists argue that dishonesty, trickery, and
violence should be shunned.
 In the United States, idealism has usually been
associated with the Democratic Party since World War I.

Theories of IR…..
1. 3. Neo-liberalism
Neo-liberalism seeks to update classic liberalism by
accepting the presumption that States are the key
actors in international relations, but still they maintain
that non-state actors also matter.
Neo-liberals emerged in the 1980s as a response to
classical realism and they believe that the UN and
other international institutions can play an important
role in resolving conflicts and wars in the globe.
Neo-liberalism
 States are important but not the only actors
 Human nature is not selfish & fitted by
democracy
NIs can be realized by state & non-state actors
 Key feature of In’l system: interdependence
 Order emerges by interactions b/n governance
methods, law, norms, regimes & institutional
rules
 Security is a function of integration

Theories of IR…..
This means that nations are free to make their
own choices as to how they will go about
conducting policy without any international
organizations blocking a nation's right to
sovereignty.
Neo liberalism also contains an economic theory
that is based on the use of open and free
markets with little, if any, government
intervention to prevent monopolies.

Theories of IR…..
1.4. Regime Theory
Regime theory is derived from the liberal
tradition that argues international institutions
or regimes affect the behavior of states or other
actors.
Regime theory assumes that cooperation is

possible in the in the international system.
Theories of IR…..
While Realists predict that conflict should be
the norm in the international relations, Regime
theorists say that there is cooperation despite
the existing of anarchy.
Often regime theorists cite cooperation in
trade, human rights and collective security
among other issues.

Theories of IR…..
2. Post-positivist theories
2.1. International society theory
International society theory focuses on the shared
norms and values of states and on how they regulate
international relations. Examples of such norms
include diplomacy, order, and international law.
Unlike neo-realism, international society theory is
not necessarily positivist.

Theories of IR…..
International society theory focuses particularly
on humanitarian intervention, and is
subdivided between solidaritists, who tend to
advocate it more, and pluralists, who place
greater value on order.
Nicholas Wheeler is a prominent solidarist, while
Hedley Bull and Robert H. Jackson are perhaps
the best known pluralists.

Theories of IR…..
2.2. Constructivism
According to this theory, nations are not all
alike, they have differences. This is because of
the construction of:-
- Political culture of each nation shapes its
nature and direction of foreign policy
- Form of government and domestic political
trends of a nation shape foreign policy
Constructivism
Focuses on role & importance of human agency
In’l system is not given but socially constructed
Order is a social rather than material structures
Security is a function of norm compatibility
Social structures shape actors’ identities & interests &
determine nature of In’l system emerge in interaction &
negotiation b/n actors in discourses at d/t levels:
Domestic/societal /national identity)
Governmental (politicians & bureaucrats)
Bi-lateral/multi-lateral (direct interaction b/n state &
non-state actors)
International (framework-setting/agenda-setting
Marxism
In’l politics takes place in capitalist economy
Key actors are not states, but classes
All interests are analyzed on class conflicts
Order is economic interests of international
capitalism
Security is a function of class struggle

A world system: is a social system, one that has
boundaries, structures, member groups, rules of
legitimization, and coherence. three geographic areas
Core: advanced areas -strong state structures and a
national culture
economic powers connected by trade and technology
exploiters of the periphery
Periphery: weak states dependent on core
colonial states or states with a low degree of autonomy
Semi Periphery: act as a buffer between the core and
the periphery
emerging somewhat but still dependent on the core

Theories of IR…..
2.3. Critical Theory
Critical international relation theory is the
application of 'critical theory' to international
relations.
Proponents of this theory focus on the need for
human emancipation from States.
Hence, it is "critical" of mainstream IR theories
that tend to be state-centric.
Theories of IR…..
2. 4. Post-structuralist theories
Post-structuralism explores the de-construction of
concepts traditionally not problematic in IR, such as
'power' and 'agency' and examines how the construction
of these concepts shapes international relations.
The examination of 'narratives' plays an important part
in poststructuralist analysis (example feminist
poststructuralist work has examined the role that 'women'
play in global society and how they are constructed in
war as 'innocent' and 'civilians‘)
Thank You

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School of Diplomacy and International Relations

Prepared by: Endale Nigussie, Lecturer at

Tuesday, April 2, 2024 PP TDIR ,SDIR MA Regular 2019 Endale N. 2

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PP TDIR ,SDIR MA Regular 2022 Getachew

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if ILs are not being practiced and administered on

 Hence, diplomacy is one of the fundamental tools through

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To discover and discuss about the causes of

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However, no limit can be placed on the

Increase or decrease in population makes

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No limit can be put on the territory of the

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In political theory, the term Sovereignty is derived

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The state is a people organized by Government is the working

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• When overlaid on ethnic and territorial

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In this harsh and dangerous world the most

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Theories of Diplomacy & IR

Theories of Diplomacy & IR

Theories of Diplomacy & IR