Magnetism and

Electromagnetic Induction

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The magnetic field

Electrical magnet Permanent magnet

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 Magnetic field strength

magnet Iron filings

Glass

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Magnetic flux and flux density

Magnetic field lines

Magnetic field lines is called magnetic flux  ( Weber)

1 Weber = 100 000 000 magnetic field lines
φ
Fluxd density β  (Tesla)
Area

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 Magnetic field due to
an electric current
 When a current flows in a wire, it produces a magnetic field
around it.
 The direction of the magnetic field is clockwise if you look
along the wire in the direction of the current

 Current is inward field is clockwise

 Current is outward field is anticlockwise

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 Electromagnetic induction
 When a conductor cuts or is cut by a magnetic
flux, a voltage is induced in the conductor
(Faraday's law)
 The direction of the induced voltage depends
upon the direction of the magnetic flux and
upon the direction of motion.
 The magnitude of the induced voltage
depends on the rate at which the conductor
cuts or is cut by the magnetic field

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 Fleming's right hand rule

m


 The direction of the

induced e.m.f (voltage)
is found using
Fleming's right hand rule
I

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 Force on a conductor carrying
current across a magnetic field
 When the conductor does not
carry a current, the magnetic field
remains uniform
 The conductor remains at its
place.

 If the conductor carries a current,

it will have its own magnetic field
 The flux density increases at the
top and reduces at the bottom of
the conductor
 A force F is produced on the
conductor to push it downwards

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Fleming's left hand rule

m  The direction of
force (motion) is
found using
 Fleming's left
hand rule

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 Importance of magnetic field in
electrical machines
 If there is no magnetic field, there will be
 no generators
 no motors
 no transformers

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Heating effect of a mgnetic field on
electrical machines
 Due to magnetic field, a voltage is induced in the
iron of the machines. This voltage circulates
currents in the iron raising the temperature of
the machine. This temperature is termed as
eddy currents loss.

 Due to reversal of magnetic field, the

temperature of the machine is also gets
increased. This temperature is termed as
hysteresis loss.

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