EE506: Power Systems

Protection

Dr. Ibrahim El-Amin

 Course Objectives and Outcomes

• Upon successful completion of the course, students should be

able to:
• Study symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults
• Understand relay operation principles
• Understand current and voltage transformers
• Design pilot and non-pilot overcurrent protection of
transmission lines
• Design rotating machinery protection
• Design transformers protection
• Design distance protection of transmission lines
• Make coordination studies for protective relays.
 Course Outcomes
1. an ability to design protection scheme for different power system
components
2. an ability to do relays coordination for a complete power system
3. an ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams
4. an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems
5. an ability to communicate effectively.
6. an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modem engineering tools
necessary for engineering practice
 Course Learning Outcomes-
1. Knowledge and Understanding

1.1 Understand the basics of power system fault calculations.

1.2 Identify different types of protective relays

1.3 Realize the principles of current and voltage transformers

 Course Learning Outcomes-
2. Skills

2.1 Analyze protection arrangements of power system components

2.2 Design protection structures for different network components

 Course Learning Outcomes-
3. Values

3.1 Employ modern software for relay coordination studies.

3.2 Prepare report and present design projects

 Textbooks:
• Power System Relaying by S.H. Horowitz

• Handout Notes on Power system Fault analysis

 Syllabus breakdown
1. Introduction to power system (1 class)

2. Symmetrical fault calculations (4 class)

3. Unsymmetrical fault calculations (5 class)

4. Introduction to protective relaying (5 class)

5. Relay operation principles (5 class)

6. Current and voltage transformers (3 class)

 Syllabus breakdown
• Non-pilot overcurrent protection of transmission lines
(4 class)
• Rotating machinery protection (3 class)
• Transformers protection (3 class)
• Non-pilot distance protection of transmission lines
(3 class)
• Pilot protection of transmission lines (3 class)
 Grading System
• Quizzes (10%)
• Assignments (10%)
• Mid-Term Exam (20%)

• Design Projects (20%)

• Final Exam (40%)

 Examination Dates

• TBA
 Agenda

• Why protection is needed

• Principles and elements of the protection system
• Basic protection schemes
• Digital relay advantages and enhancements
 Disturbances: Light or Severe
• The power system must maintain acceptable
operation 24 hours a day
– Voltage and frequency must stay within certain limits
• Small disturbances
– The control system can handle these
– Example: variation in transformer or generator load
• Severe disturbances require a protection system
– They can jeopardize the entire power system
– They cannot be overcome by a control system
 Power System Protection

Operation during severe disturbances:

– System element protection
– System protection
– Automatic reclosing
– Automatic transfer to alternate power supplies
– Automatic synchronization
Electric Power System Exposure to External
Agents
Damage to Main Equipment
 Protection System

A series of devices whose main purpose

is to protect persons and primary electric
power equipment from the effects of faults
The following definitions are generally used in relation
to power system protection:
• a. Protection System: A complete arrangement of
protection equipment and other devices required to
achieve a specified function based on a protection
principal
• b. Protection Equipment: A collection of protection
devices (relays, fuses, etc.). Excluded are devices
such as CT’s, CB’s, Contactors, etc.
• c. Protection Scheme: a collection of protection
equipment providing a defined function and
including all equipment required to make the scheme
work (i.e. relays, CT’s,CB’s, batteries, etc.)
 Blackouts
Characteristics Main Causes
• Loss of service in a large • Overreaction of the
area or population protection system
region • Bad design of the
• Hazard to human life protection system
• May result in enormous
economic losses
Short Circuits Produce High Currents

Three-Phase Line
a
b
c
I

Substation Fault

Thousands of Amps I
Wire
Electrical Equipment Thermal Damage
t

Damage Damage Curve

Time

I
In Imd Short-Circuit
Rated Value
Current
 Mechanical Damage During
Short Circuits
• Very destructive in busbars, isolators, supports,
transformers, and machines
• Damage is instantaneous

Mechanical
Forces
f1 f2
i1
i2

Rigid Conductors f1(t) = k i1(t) i2(t)

The Fuse

Fuse

Transformer
 Protection System Elements

• Protective relays
• Circuit breakers
• Current and voltage transducers
• Communications channels
• DC supply system
• Control cables
Three-Phase Diagram of the Protection Team
CTs CB

Protected
Control Equipment

Relay

VTs
+ DC Tripping Circuit

Relay
SI
Red
DC Station Lamp
Battery Relay
SI Contact

52a Circuit
Breaker
52
TC

–
Circuit Breakers
 Current Transformers

Very High Voltage CT

Medium-Voltage CT
 Voltage Transformers

Medium Voltage

Note: Voltage transformers

are also known as potential
High Voltage transformers
Protective Relays
 Examples of Relay Panels

Microprocessor-
Based Relay

Old Electromechanical
 How Do Relays Detect Faults?
• When a fault takes place, the current, voltage,
frequency, and other electrical variables behave in a
peculiar way. For example:
– Current suddenly increases
– Voltage suddenly decreases
• Relays can measure the currents and the voltages
and detect that there is an overcurrent, or an
undervoltage, or a combination of both
• Many other detection principles determine the
design of protective relays
 Main Protection Requirements
• Reliability
– Dependability
– Security
• Selectivity
• Speed
– System stability
– Equipment damage
– Power quality
• Sensitivity
– High-impedance faults
– Dispersed generation