CHAPTER 1:THE

MEANING OF
HISTORY, SOURCES
OF HITORICAL DATA
AND HISTORICAL
CRITICISMS
PRESENTED BY: GROUP 1
KATE ASHLEY ENRIQUEZ KRYSTALIZA SUMUGAT CHERRY ANN
LANDERO
RADZ VILLLANNUEVA KRITINE JOY MACUNAN
MARIAN COJO CANDY LYN MUYCO
JISECA DELOS REYES ZEIA MAE PARAGON
JESSA MAE FRANCISCO DANICA DOREGIOS
MARY MARGARET DELES JIEZER HILADO
MA SOFIA FARONDA ANGEL MARQUEZ
01 THE MEANING OF HISTORY Table Of Contents
Contents
02 SOURES OF HISTORIAL
DATA

03 HISTORICAL CRITICISMS
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this dicussion, the student’s should be able to:

 DISCUSS THE MEANING OF HISTORY

 DEFINE WHAT IS THE SOURCES OF HISTORICAL DATA , and

 HISTORICAL CRITICISMS
Part 01
THE MEANING
OF HISTORY
 The Meaning of History
2 Types Of HISTORY
What is History
- History is derived from the Greek 1. Factual History

word HISTORIA which means - Presents readers the plain and basic

Learning by inquiry. infomation vis-a-vis the events that took

- The Greek Philosopher , Aristole, place (what), the time and date which the

looked upon history as the 01 02 events happened (when), the place which

systematics accounting of a set of the events took place (where) and people

natural phenomena, that is , taking that were involed (who).

into consideration the chronological

arrangement of the account.
2. Speculative History -Goes beyond
facts because it is concerned about the

- The word History is reffered reason for which events happened

usually for accounts of (why), and the way they happened
phenomena, especially human
affairs in chronoligical order (how).
 5 BRANCHES OF HISTORY

Economic history -
seeks to comprehend the various
economic events of the past. It is the
study of markets, industry,
manufacturing methods,
consumption, and the working
classes.
 5 BRANCHES OF HISTORY

Social history- is involved with actual

past experiences. It is the history of
people, their practices, traditions, and
activities connected to key historical
events.
 5 BRANCHES OF HISTORY
Cultural History
Cultural history is a branch of historical studies
that focuses on the study of past human
cultures. It includes the study of material
culture, such as archaeology, art history,
architecture, material culture, and material
culture studies.

Cultural history has traditionally been seen as

an important part of social history because it
examines how people think about themselves
and the world they live in. It also examines
how people make sense of their own lives
through the objects they create
 5 BRANCHES OF HISTORY
Art history -is the study of
aesthetic objects and visual
expression in historical and
stylistic context.Traditionally,
the discipline of art history
emphasized painting,
drawing, sculpture,
architecture, ceramics and
decorative arts
 5 BRANCHES OF HISTORY
Political History
This is one of the specialized areas of
history and focuses on governments,
government policies, and the
interaction between the different
branches of government. It also
observes elections and the rise and
fall of political systems, movements,
and leaders, as well as political
science and political occurrences.
 THE LIMITATION OF HISTORICAL
• KNOWLEDGE
The incompleteness of record has limited man’s knowledge of history. Most human affairs happen
without leaving any evidence or records of any kind, no artifacts, or if there are, futher evidence of the
human setting in which to place surviving articfacts.
• Historian study the records or evidence that survived that time. They tell history from what they
understood a credible part of the record. This explains the “incompleteness’’ of the “ object” that the
historian study.
3 Example of Limitation of Historial Knowledge:

• First, history can be interpreted in different ways;

• Second, history can be misunderstood

• Third, history will always have gaps. It is an incomplete story.

Despite these limitations, however, the study of history is a useful tool for intelligence historians.
 HISTORY-AS-ACTUALITY AND HISTORY-AS -RECORDED

History-as-actuality-According to
Gottschalk, history is actuality; hence it
must study the past as it happened (the
practical value of studying and using the
past to understand the present is lost.)
History-as-recorded- embraces the
monuments, documents, and symbols which provide
such knowledge as we have or can find respecting
past actuality.
HISTORY AS THE SUBJECTIVE PROCESS OF RE-
CREATION
-From the inclomplete evidence, historian strive to restore the total apst of makind. They do it
from the point of veiw that human beings live in different times and that their experiences may
somehow comparable, or that their experis may have signifiantly differed contingent on the
place and time.
In short , historian’s aims is verisimilitude( the truht,authenticity,plausibility) about past.
Unlike the study of the natural science that has objectively measurable phenomena, the study
of hists a subjective process as documents and relics are scattered and do not together comprise
the object that the historian is studying.
HISTORICAL METHOD AND HISTORIOGRAHPY
- The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past is called Historical
Method. The imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data derived by the process is called
historiograhpy . By means of historial method and historiography (both of which are frequently grouped
together simply as historical method) the historian endeavors to reconstruct as nuch of the past f mankind as
he/she can. Even in this limited effort, however, the historian is handicapped. He rarely can tell the story even
of a part of past as it occured. For the past conceived of as something that “ actually occured” places obvious
limits upon the kinds record of imagination.

- Historical Analysis is also an important method. In historicalalysis,historians: (1) select the subject to
investigate; (2)collet people probable sources of information on the subject; (3) examine the sources of
genuineness, in part of in whole; (4) extract credible “particulatrs” from the sources (or part of soures). The
synthesis of the “particulars” thus derived is historiography . Synthesis and analysis cannot be entirely
separated since they have a commen grou, which is the abiliity to understand the past through some
meaningful,evocative and convining historical cross-disciplinary connections between given historical issue
and other historical context,periods or themes.
Part 02
SOURCES OF
HISTORIAL DATA
 WHAT IS THE SOURCES
H IS T O R IC A L

p a s t. T h u s,
D ATA -

of

h is to ric a l
a re so u rc e d

w it n e s s e s to th e

so u rc e s a re

m a te ria ls fro m w h ic h th e h is to ria n s c o n s tru c t

fro m

a rtifa c ts th a t h a v e b e e n le ft b y th e p a s t. T h e s e

a rtifa c ts c a n e ith e r b e r e lic s o r r e m a in s , o r

th e t e s t e m o n ie s

th o s e

m e a n in g . To re a c tic u la te , a s o u rc e is a n o b je c t
OF HISTORICAL DATA
Relics or “remains,” whose existence offer Testemonies of witnesses- wether oral
fro m th e p a s t o r a te s tim o n y c o n c e rn in g th e

p a s t o n w h ic h h is to ria n s d e p e n d to c re a te th e ir

o w n o r in te rp re ta tio n is th u s th e re s u lt o f s u h

d e p ic tio n . T h e s o u rc e p ro v id e s e v id e n c e a b o u t

th e e x is te n c e o f a n a rg u m e n t a b o u t th e e v e n t.

HISTORICAL DATA- are sourced from

artifacts that have been left by the past. These
artifacts can either be relics or remains, or
the testemonies of witnesses to the
past. Thus,
materials from which the historians construct
meaning. To reacticulate, a source is an object
from the past or a testimony concerning the
past on which historians depend to create their
own or interpretation is thus the result of suh
depiction. The source provides evidence about
the existence of an argument about the event.
researchers a clue about the past. For example or written, may have been created to serve as
the relics or remains of prehistoric settlement. records or they might have been created for
Artifacts can be found where relis of human some other purposes. All these describe an
happenings can be found, for example, a event, such as the reord of a property exchange,
potsherd, acoin, a ruin, a manuscript, a book, a speeches, and commentaries.
historical sources are those
portrait , a stamp, a piece wreckage astrand
of hair or other archaeological or
anthropological remains. These objects
however, are never the happenings or the
events; if written documents, they may be the
results or the records of events. Whether
artifacts or documents, they are materials out
of which history may be written (Howell and
Prevenier, 2001)
 SOURCES OF HISTORIAL DATA
The historian deals with the dynamic or genetic (the becoming) as well as the
static (the being) and aims at being interpretative (explaining why and how
things happened and were interrelated) as well as descriptive (telling what
happened, when and where, and who took part). Besides, such descriptive data as
can be derived directly and immediately from surviving artifacts are only small
parts of the periods to which they belong. A historical context can be given to them
only if they can be placed in a human setting. The lives of human beings can be
assumed from the retrieved artifacts, but without further evidence the human
contexts of these artifacts can never be recaptured with any degree of certainty.
 WRITTEN SOURCES OF
HISTORY
Written sources are usually categorized in three ways: (1) Narrative or
and (3) Social Documents.
Literary, (2) Diplomatic or Juridical,

1. Narrative or literature- are chronicles or tracts presented in narrative form, written to impart a message whose motivees
for their Composition vary widely. For example, a scientific tract is typically composed in order to inform contemporaries or
succeeding generations; a newspaper article might be intended to shape opinion; the so-called ego document or personal narrative
such as a diary or memoir might be composed in order to persuade readers of the justice of the authors actions; a novel or film
might be made to entertain, to deliver a moral teaching, or to further a religious cause; a biography might be written in praise
of the subject's worth and achievements (apanegyric, a public speech or published text in praise of someone or something or
hagiography, the writing of the lives of saints). A narrative source is therefore broader than what is usually considered fiction
(Howell & Prevenier, 2001).
 WRITTEN SOURCES OF
HISTORY
2. Diplomatic sources- are understood to be those which document/record an existing
legal situation or create a new one, and it is these kinds of sources that professionaal historians
once treated as the purest, the "best" source. The classic diplomatic source is the charter, which a
legal instrument. A legal document is usually sealed or authenticated to provide evidence that a
legal transaction has been completed and can be used as evidence in a judicial proceeding in case
of dispute. Scholars differentiate those legal instruments issued by public authorities (such as
kings or popes, the Supreme Court of the Philippines and Philippine Congress) from those
involving only private parties (such as a will or a mortgage agreement). Diplomatic
sources possess specific formal properties, such as hand and print style, the ink, the seal, for
external properties and rhetorical devices and images for internal properties, which are determined
by the norms of laws and by tradition. Such characters also vary in time (each generation has its
own norms) and according to origin (each bureaucracy has its own traditions).
 WRITTEN SOURCES OF
HISTORY
3. Social documents- are information pertaining to economic, social, political, or judicial significance.
They are records kept by bureaucracies. A few examples are government reports, such as municipal accounts,
research findings, and documents like these parliamentary procedures, civil registry records, property
registers, and records of census.
 NON- WRITTEN SOURCES OF HISTORY
Unwritten sources are as essential as written sources. They are two types: the Material evidence and Oral Evidence.

01. Material Evidence

Material evidence, also known as archaeological
02.Oral evidence is also an important
Oral Evidence

evidence is one of the most important unwritten evidences. source of information for historians.
This include artistic creations such as pottery, jewelry, Much are told by the tales or sagas of
dwellings, graves, churches, roads, and others that tell a story ancient peoples and the folk songs or
about the past. These artifacts can tell a great deal about the popular rituals from the premodern
ways of life of people in the past, and their culture. These period of Philippine history. During the
artifacts can also reveal a great deal about the socio-cultural present age, interviews is another
interconnections of the different groups of people especially major form of oral evidence.
when an object is unearthed in more one place. Commercial
exchange may also be revealed by the presence of artifacts in
different places. Even places that are thought to be insignificant,
such as garbage pits, can provide valuable information to
historians as these can be traces of a former settlement.
 PRIMARY VERSUS SECONDARY
SOURCES
There are two general kinds of historical sources: primary and secondary.
Primary sources- are original, first-hand account
of an event or period that are usually written or made Secondary sources- on the other hand, are materials made
during or close to the event or period. These sources by people long after the events being described had taken place to
are original and factual, not interpretive. Their key provide valuable interpretations of historical events. A secondary
function is to provide facts. Examples of primary source analyzes and interprets primary sources. It is an
sources are diaries, journals, letters, newspaper and interpretation of second-hand account of a historical event.
magazine articles 5 (factual accounts), government Examples of secondary sources are biographies, histories,
records (census, marriage, military), photographs literary criticism, books written by a third party about a historical
maps, postcards, posters, recorded or transcribed event, art and theater reviews, newspaper or journal articles that
speeches, interviews with participants or witnesses, interpret.
interviews with people who lived during a certain
time songs, plays, novels, stories, paintings, drawings,
and sculptures. 6. 2. Secondary sources, on the other
hand, are materials made by people long atter the
Part 03
HISTORICAL
CRITICISM
 WHAT IS HISTORICAL CRITICISM?
 In order for a source to be used as evidence/fact in history, basic
matters about its Form and Content must be settled.

2 types of criticsims:

1. External Criticism- it talks about the form

2. Internal Criticism- It talks about content
 HISTORICAL CRITICISM
Historical criticism has two types: external criticism and internal criticism.

1. External Criticism – determines the authenticity of the source. The material must
beinvestigated based on the time and place it is written. The critic must determine
whether thematerial under investigation is raw, meaning unaltered, and it exists exactly as
the author leftit. The content must be viewed in every possible angle. The authenticity of
the material must beexamine from other genuine sources having the same subject or
written during the same period.The similarities or agreements, and differences or
disagreements of some common details, such asthe culture and traditions, and events
during the period by which the document was made canbe a basis for judging the
authenticity of the text
 What is the Internal Criticism
2. Internal Criticism – determines the historicity of the facts contained in the
document. It is notnecessary to prove the authenticity of the material or document.
However, the facts contained inthe document must first be tested before any
conclusion pertaining to it can be admitted. Indetermining the value of the facts, the
character of the sources, the knowledge of the author, andthe influences prevalent at
the time of writing must be carefully investigated. It must beascertained first that the
critic knows exactly what the author said and that he understands thedocument from
the standpoint or viewpoint of the author. Moreover, the facts given by theauthor or
writer must be firmly established as having taken place exactly as reported.
 TEST OF AUTHENTICITY
 To distinguish a hoax or a misrepresntation from a genuine document, the historian must use tests common in polie
and legal detection. Making the best guess of the date of the document, he/e examines the materials to see whether
are not anachronistic; paper was rare in Europe before the fifteenth century,and printing was known;pencils did not
exist there before 16th entury; typewriting wa not invented until the 19th entury; and Indian paper came only at the
end of that century. The historian also examines the inks for signs of age or of anachrinistics chemical composition.

 Making the best guess of the possible author of the document, he/she sees if he/shecan identify the handwriting,
signature,seal,letterhead, or water mark. Even when the handwriting is unfamiliar, it can be compared authentiated
specimens. One of the unfulled needs of the historian is more of what the French call “ isographies” or the
dictionaries of biography giving examples of hanwriting. For some period of history, experts using techniques known
as paopgrahy and diplomatics have long known that in certain regions at certain times handwriting and the style and
form od offical documents were conventinalized.
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING
Speaker name:GROUP 1