THE RESE A R CH

PA PER: HOW T O
PA RAPHRA SE A N D
W RITE LIK E A P RO
P R E PA R E D B Y:
J A M E S P. T O L E N T I N O
BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
W H AT I S Y O U R S T U D Y A L L A B O U T A N D
WHY YOU SHOULD CONDUCT THIS
STUDY?
 Common Error
1. Too lengthy
2. The copy-paste phenomenon
3. Too much focus on
international literature
Amendments
Shorten to 2 or 3 paragraphs
Focus on:
a. very short background information
of the target topic.
b. international and local research gaps.
c. how will your study address these gaps?
PARAPHRASING
 If local literature is limited, look for literature
from countries similar to Philippines.
 Utilize data from local agencies.
 Emphasize what is happening locally; which
is basically the reason why you are doing the
research.
THEORETICAL/
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
F R O M W H AT F R A M E W O R K W I L L Y O U R
STUDY BE ANCHORED?
Theoretical Framework
Theory on which the research is based on, or
the theory which you are testing.

Conceptual framework
Premise or idea on which the research and the
research parameters are based on.
Theoretical/Conceptual framework
 Both are backed up with literature.
 Both are NOT the paradigm of the study.
 Both can make or break your study.
 Both are the most important part of the
study.
 The major conclusion of your study should
refer back to them. Did the results of the
study prove the theories?
PARADIGM OF
THE STUDY
Paradigm of the Study
 Based on statement of the problem; must
include parameters of the study.
 May be based on models.
 Input, Process, Output
 IV and DV
 If study is descriptive, process workflow may
replace the paradigm.
Research Questions:
1. What is the learning style of students in mathematics when taken as a whole
and grouped according to (a) sex (b) family income and (c) home location?
2. What is the performance of students in mathematics when taken as a whole
and grouped according to (a) sex (b) family income and (c) home location?
3. Is there a significant difference in the learning style of students in
mathematics when grouped according to (a) sex (b) family income and (c)
home location?
4. Is there a significant difference in the academic performance of students in
mathematics when grouped according to (a) sex (b) family income and (c)
home location?
5. Is there a significant relationship between the learning style and academic
performance of students in mathematics?
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
Significance of the Study

 Arrange beneficiaries according to who will

benefit most to those who will benefit least.
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
Definition of Terms
 Include important terms only; particularly
terms found in the title; parameters of the
study.
 Should include both conceptual and
operational definitions.
 Avoid using general source references
(Dictionary) for the conceptual definitions.
 For operational definitions, describe the role
of that term in the study.
Example:

Fishing. This refers to an act of taking fishery species

from their wild state or habitat, with or without the use
of fishing vessels (Department of Agriculture).

In this study, fishing refers to a specific livelihood

of catching fishes and other marine animals with the use
of different methods and materials like nets, spear, bow
and arrow, and bubo.
Example:

Fishing Practices. These refer to commercial fishing

techniques that include gillnets, trawling, line fishing,
and more (Murphy, 2019).

In this study, fishing practices refer to the different

methods utilizing different tools and instruments in
catching fish and other marine animals.
REVIEW OF THE
REL ATED
LITERATURE
W H AT K N O W L E D G E A N D F I N D I N G S F R O M
E X I S T I N G L I T E R A T U R E S A R E R E L E VA N T
TO YOUR STUDY?
Review of the Related Literature
 Includes pertinent literature about the
variables of the study.
 Focus on the variables, maybe the locale (if
essential), on the method used.
 Include a summary at the end. Summary
must discuss how the literature is essential in
the study.
 Citations are very important.
Review of the Related Literature

 Literature must be updated, more or less 5-

10 years old.
 Journal sources are more preferable.
 Unpublished sources are discouraged.
RESEARCH
DESIGN AND
METHODOLOGY
Methodology
 Observe the format given by your research
adviser/institution.
 Description of participants should be clearly
stated.
Note: participants in the pilot-testing should not
be in the actual conduct.
 Describe concretely your research
instruments including the validity and the
reliability index.
Results
 Make the table (summaries of data) as
comprehensive as possible.
 Tables are used most often when there are
interpretations.
 Graphs (Figures) are used when you want to
emphasize comparisons (which is higher and
which is lowest).
 Graphs can be in the form of histograms, line
graphs, bar graphs, scatter plots, etc.
Discussions
 Explain your results and relate with other
published studies.
 Always cite the authors of the literature you
are comparing your results with.
 Final discussion should be whether you have
proven your theoretical framework or your
conceptual framework and how.
C I TAT I O N S A L L
THROUGHOUT
THE MANUSCRIPT
 Author-Date System
 Collective citation or individual citation

Collective citation:
A study by Tan et al. (2009) states that the
use of Actizyme results to …

Individual citation:
Chlorella vulgaris contains 25% alkaloid
and 30% CGF (Yap-Figueras, 2008).
Multiple author citation:

Vibrio harveyi has been reported to cause

mortalities due to hepatopancreas damage
(Lavilla-Pitogo, 2000) and muscular tissue
damage (Lacierda, 2001).
 Do not over-cite the same author.
 1-2 authors = cite all; more than 2 authors,
mention the first author then use et al. for
succeeding entries.
 Counter-check all citations with the
references. All cited authors should be listed
in the reference list.
 *This can be addressed by Mendeley.
In choosing internet sources:
 Choose scientific or journal websites.
 Tip if source is reputable: “edu.ph”
 Always list down or look for the author of
the website.
 Always take note of the date of retrieval (date
you retrieved the data); the year the website
was posted, and the name of the website.
MAKING THE
REFERENCE LIST
Reference List
 APA Format
 For hard-copy journals (Author, year, Title of
article, title of journal, volume, number,
page)

Yap, J.G. (2003). In vitro Studies of Chlorella

vulgaris as a Biocontrol Agent Against
Shrimp Pathogens.
WVSU-CAS Research Journal. Vol.
Reference List
 For online journals (Author, year, Title of
article, title of journal, volume, number,
page, webpage retrieved from)

Jafar, T.H. (2009). “Organ Trafficking: Global

Solutions for a Global
Problem.” American Journal of Kidney
Diseases. Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 1145-
1157. Retrieved on July 10, 2017
Reference List
 For multiple authors:

Cho, H., Zhang, M., and Tansuhai, P. (2009).

“An Empirical Study on
International Organ Trafficking:
Effects of Globalization.”
Innovative Marketing. Vol. 5, Issue 3, pp. 66-
74. Retrieved on December 1,
2022 from
Reference List
 For books (Author, year, Title of article, title
of book, edition, publisher, place of
publication, volume, number, page)

Alcamo, I.E. (2010). Fundamental

Methodology.
5th Ed. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
The Benjamin/Cumming
Publishing Co., London, page 567.
Reference List
 For unpublished papers (Author, year, Title
of research work, unpublished thesis or
dissertation or research paper, institution,
location of institution)

Demayo, P. (2015). Screening for Population

Levels of Lactobacillus Strain
in Expired Probiotic Drink.
Unpublished Thesis. West Visayas State
Reference List
 For online citations (Author of article or
website, year, Title of article, website
retrieved from)

Harper, W. (2012). Lactobacillus. Retrieved on

September 9, 2020 from
http://www.vaxa.com/lactobacillus.cfm
Reference List
 Pamphlets (Manufacturer, year, title of article)

Glaxo-Cline Inc. (2010). Cerazette Contraceptive

Tablets.

 Oral Communication (no need to place in

references, applicable for citations only)
Reference List
 For et als, in the reference list, enumerate all the
authors.
 For same author with multiple studies, use
superscripts based on the first study mentioned
in citations.

Lim, J.M. . “Pythochemical studies on …

Lim, J.M. . “Biochemical studies on …

Reference List
 For entries obtained from the Dictionary

“Probiotics”. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary

(2017). Retrieved on July 18, 2017 from
www.merriam-webster.com
Tips to Avoid Plagiarism:

 Paraphrase! Never copy-paste.

 Combine ideas of a common concept from
different papers either in one sentence or in
paragraph.
 The more references you have for elucidating
one concept, the better.
 Don’t forget to cite the authors from your
sources.
Scientific and Foreign Terminology
 Capital letter for first letter of the genus, small
letter for the first letter of the species.
Ex. Chlorella vulgaris

 Always italicize scientific names (even short

cuts) and foreign terminology.
Ex. C. Vulgaris
In vitro
The proper use of “et al.”

 It is the abbreviation of et alil; meaning “and

others”.
 Period comes after al; no period after et; the e in
et should not be uppercase.
 No comma after the afore-mentioned author.
Example: Valencia et al.
 It should be italicized, since it is a foreign term.
The Appendix

 Include only necessary data (questionnaires,

letters of permission, post-hoc tests, pictures,
etc.)
 Arrangement should be in chronological order
as mentioned in the paper.
THANK YOU!