Key Length Determination in Polyalphabetic Ciphers

Key Length Determination in Polyalphabtic
Ciphers
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
Ciphers
• Monoalphabetic ciphers
• Symbol frequencies can be smoothed
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
Ciphers
• Underlying nonrandomness still remains
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
Ciphers
INSERT • Polyalphabetic ciphers
VIDEO
HERE
Ciphers
• Al Kindi (9th century) and Alberti (16th century)
VIDEO
HERE
Ciphers
VIDEO • Either no key, or too complicated
HERE
Ciphers
• Bellaso and Vigenere (16th century)
HERE
Ciphers
HERE • Secure for approx 300 years
Ciphers
HERE • Secure for approx 300 years
• Broken by Babbage and Kasiski
The tabula recta is a simple way to layout all
possible Caesar ciphers
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A
C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B
D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C
E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D
F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E
G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F
INSERT
H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G
I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H
J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I
K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J
L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K
M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L
VIDEO
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M
O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P
R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q
S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R
HERE
T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S
U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T
V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U
W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W
Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X
Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y
F
G
G
H
H
I
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F K: SECRE T
INSERT
I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H
J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I
VIDEO
HERE
F
G
G
H
H
I
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F K: SECRE T
INSERT
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F
F
G
G
H
H
I
P: RETRE ATTOR IVER
VIDEO
HERE
F
G
G
H
H
I
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F K: SECRE TSECR ETSE
INSERT
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F
F
G
G
H
H
I
P: RETRE ATTOR IVER
VIDEO
HERE
F
G
G
H
H
I
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
INSERT
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F
F
G
G
H
H
I
P: RETRE ATTOR IVER
VIDEO
HERE
F
G
G
H
H
I
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
INSERT
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F
F
G
G
H
H
I
P: RETRE ATTOR IVER
VIDEO
HERE
F
G
G
H
H
I
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
INSERT
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F
F
G
G
H
H
I
P: RETRE ATTOR IVER
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F
F
G
G
H
H
I
I
J
J
K C: J
VIDEO
HERE
F
G
G
H
H
I
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
INSERT
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F
F
G
G
H
H
I
P: RETRE ATTOR IVER
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F
F
G
G
H
H
I
I
J
J
K C: JIVII TLXQI MOWV
VIDEO
HERE
F
G
G
H
H
I
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
INSERT
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F
F
G
G
H
H
I
P: RETRE ATTOR IVER
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F
F
G
G
H
H
I
I
J
J
VIDEO
HERE
F
G
G
H
H
I
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
INSERT
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F
F
G
G
H
H
I
P: RETRE ATTOR IVER
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F
F
G
G
H
H
I
I
J
J
VIDEO
HERE
F
G
G
H
H
I
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
INSERT
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F
F
G
G
H
H
I
P: RETRE ATTOR IVER
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
P
P
Q
Q
R
R
S
S
T
T
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F
F
G
G
H
H
I
I
J
J
VIDEO
HERE
Modular arithmetic concisely
sums up the Vigener cipher
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
• Each of the N letters assigned integer 0 … N-1
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
• Encryption
INSERT C = (P + K) mod N
VIDEO
HERE
• Encryption
INSERT C = (P + K) mod N
VIDEO • Decryption
P = (C - K) mod N
HERE
Vigenere cipher becomes a
One-Time Pad in the limit
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
• IF key is
• same length as plaintext
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
• IF key is
• chosen randomly
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
• IF key is
• chosen randomly
INSERT • never reused
VIDEO
HERE
• IF key is
• chosen randomly
• THEN
VIDEO • Vigenere cipher IS a one-time pad
HERE
• IF key is
• chosen randomly
• THEN
VIDEO • Vigenere cipher IS a one-time pad
HERE • This is how most real one-time pads worked

Given key length, ciphertext can
be split into monoalphabetic sets
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
• If keylength is N
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
• Every Nth letter uses same key
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
• Vigenere is simple Caesar shift
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
INSERT • Frequency analysis applies
VIDEO
HERE
• Ciphertext could, by trial and
VIDEO error, be partitioned into sets
that have the expected frequency
HERE distribution.
• Ciphertext could, by trial and
VIDEO error, be partitioned into sets
that have the expected frequency
HERE distribution.
• Coincidences determine key length
Index of Coincidence helps identify the key
length in polyalphabetic ciphers
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
ITWASADARKANDSTORMYNIGHT
WHILEEVERYONEATCOURTWASB
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
INSERT 3 coincidences out of 24 pairs
VIDEO r = 3/ 24 = 12.5%
HERE
Toy language with fA = 75% and fB = 25%
highlights effect of coincidence rate
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
AABAAABBAAAABAAAAAABAAABBBAAAAA
BAAABAABAAAABAAAABABABBAAABBAAA
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
_ _ _ __________ ___ ___
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
_ _ _ __________ ___ ___
INSERT 32 characters
VIDEO 16 coincidences with A
3 coincidences with B
HERE 19/32 = 59.4% coincidence rate
has expected coincidence rate of 62.5%
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
f g
A fA
B
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
f g
A fA gA
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
f g
A fA * gA = fAgA
B
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
f g
A fA * gA = fAgA
B fB * gB = fBgB
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
f g
A fA * gA = fAgA
B fB * gB = fBgB
INSERT
VIDEO r = fAgA + fBgB
HERE
f g
A fA * gA = fAgA
B fB * gB = fBgB
INSERT
VIDEO r = fAgA + fBgB
HERE
SAME ALPHABET: rSAME = 62.50%
f g
A 75% * 75% = 56.25%
INSERT B 25% * 25% = 6.25%
VIDEO
HERE
SAME ALPHABET: rSAME = 62.50%
f g
A 75% * 75% = 56.25%
INSERT B 25% * 25% = 6.25%
rDIFF = 37.50%
VIDEO DIFFERENT ALPHABET: rDIFF = 37.50%
f g
HERE A 75% * 25% = 18.75%
B 25% * 75% = 18.75%
Index of Coincidence is the coincidence rate
normalized to the random rate
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
English: r = 6.65%
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
English: r = 6.65%
INSERT Uniform distribution: fi = 1/N
VIDEO rRAND = N * (1/N)2 = 1/N
HERE
English: r = 6.65%
INSERT Uniform distribution: fi = 1/N
VIDEO rRAND = N * (1/N)2 = 1/N
English: rRAND = 1/26 = 3.85%
HERE
INSERT
VIDEO
HERE
English: IC = 6.65%/3.85% = 1.73

INSERT
VIDEO
HERE

Key Length Determination in Polyalphabetic Ciphers

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Key Length Determination in Polyalphabetic Ciphers

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Key Length Determination in Polyalphabtic

HERE • This is how most real one-time pads worked

INSERT 3 coincidences out of 24 pairs

English: IC = 6.65%/3.85% = 1.73

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