Chapters 2 & 3

Computer
Networking Review –
The TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture
1
Chapter 2
Protocols,
Internetworking &
the Internet

2
Key Features of a Protocol
 Set of rules or conventions to
exchange blocks of formatted data
 Syntax: data format
 Semantics: control information
(coordination, error handling)
 Timing: order, speed matching,
sequencing
 Actions: what happens when an
event occurs
12
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet
Internet Protocol Stack
Layers (a.k.a. TCP/IP stack)
 Physical Application
 Network
Access Transport
 Internet or… Network
 Transport Link
 Application
Physical
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Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet
OSI – TCP/IP Protocol Stacks

14
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet
TCP and UDP
 TCP:
– connection-oriented, handshake required
– reliable packet delivery in sequence
 UDP:
– connectionless (datagram), no handshake
– unreliable packet delivery
– packets may arrive out of sequence or
duplicated

15
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet
TCP and UDP Headers

TCP

UDP
16
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet
IP Headers – IPv4

IP Version 4 Header

17
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet
Operation of TCP and IP
 IP implemented in end systems and
routers, relaying data between hosts
 TCP implemented for end-to-end
data transfer only in end systems*,
assuring reliable delivery of blocks
of data
 Each host on sub-network has a
unique IP address
 Each process on each host has a
unique TCP port number
* Except when? 19
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet
TCP/IP Protocol Data Units
(PDUs)

20
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet
TCP/IP Concepts

22
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet
TCP Applications
 SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol
 FTP: File Transfer Protocol
 telnet: remote login
 HTTP: web browsing

Inelastic or Elastic?

23
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet
 TCP Applications
TCP control connection
port 21
user
agent
mail TCP data connection
user FTP FTP
server port 20
agent
client server
SMTP mail
file transfer
server user
SMTP agent h tt
pr
equ
PC running http es t
SMTP Explorer res
mail user pon
se
server agent
st
user q ue
p re nse Server
agent t p o
ht r es running
user t p
ht Apache Web
agent email Server

Mac running
Web browsing
24
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet
Navigator
Routers
 Provide link between networks
 Accommodate network differences:
– Addressing schemes
– Maximum packet sizes
– Hardware and software interfaces
– Network reliability

– Congestion/Traffic Management

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Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet
TCP/IP Internetworking
Example

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Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet
 Figure 2-8

28
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet
 Figure 2-9

29
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet
 Figure 2-10

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Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet