GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Principles and Modern Applications TENTH EDITION

PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE

Chemical 3
Compounds
PHILIP DUTTON
UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND
BIOCHEMISTRY
Chemical Compounds
 3-1 Types of Chemical Compounds
and Their Formulas

Molecular Compounds

A molecular compound is made up of discrete units called molecules, which

typically consist of a small number of nonmetal atoms held together by
covalent bonds. Molecular compounds are represented by chemical formulas,
symbolic representations that, at minimum, indicate
• the elements present
• the relative number of atoms of each element
 Molecular compounds

Several representations of the compound acetic acid

Chemical formula – relative numbers of atoms of each element present

Empirical formula – the simplest whole number formula
Molecular formula – is based on an actual molecule of the compound.
Molecular formula is a multiple of the empirical formula.
Structural formula – the order and type of attachments
– shows multiple bonds
– may show lone pairs
– hard to show 3-d
Visualizations of (a) butane, (b) methylpropane, and (c) testosterone
Color scheme for use in molecular models
Ionic Compounds
• Atoms of almost all elements can gain or lose electrons to
form charged species called ions.
• Compounds composed of ions are known as ionic
compounds.

+ Metals tend to lose electrons to form positively

charged ions called cations.
- Non-metals tend to gain electrons to form negatively
charged ions called anions.
Positive and negative ions joined together by electrostatic
forces. Metals tend to lose electrons to form cations. Non-
metals tend to gain electrons to form anions. Ionic solids
formulae are reported as the formula unit – unordered to
call it a molecular formula
An extended array of Na+ and Cl- ions
The simplest formula unit is NaCl

Na loses one electron to form the

sodium ion
Cl gains one electron to form the
chloride ion
Space filling model shows how the
ions are actually in contact with
one another.
Portion of an ionic crystal and a
formula unit of NaCl
Molecular forms of elemental sulfur and phosphorus
 3-2 The Mole Concept and Chemical Compounds
KEEP IN MIND
Formula mass
the mass of a formula unit in atomic mass that although molecular mass
and molar mass sound similar
units (u)
and are related, they are not
Molecular mass the same. Molecular mass is
a formula mass of a molecular compound the weighted-average mass of
one molecule expressed in
Weighted average mass
atomic mass units, u. Molar
add up the weighted average atomic mass is the mass of
masses Avogadro’s number of
Exact Mass molecules expressed in
grams per mole, The two terms
add up the isotopic masses (see mass have the same numerical value
spectrometry) but different
units. g/mol.
Examples:
1.An analytical balance can detect a mass of 0.1mg. What is the total number
of ions present in this minimally detectable quantity of MgCl2?

2.Zinc oxide, ZnO is used in sunscreen preparation. What is the total number
of ions present in a 1 g of ZnO?

3.The volatile liquid ethyl mercaptan C2H6S is one of the most odoriferous
substances known. It is used in natural gas he make gas leaks detectable.
How many C2H6S molecules are contained in a 1.ml sample? (d: 0.84g/ml)

4.Gold has a density of 19.32 g/cm3. A piece of gold leaf is 2.5 cm on each
side and 0.1 mm thick. How many atoms of gold are in this piece of gold
leaf?
3-3 Composition of Chemical Compounds

A chemical formula
Halothane C2HBrClF3 conveys considerable
quantitative
information about a
Mole ratio nC/nhalothane
compound and its
Mass ratio mC/mhalothane constituent elements.

M(C2HBrClF3) = 2MC + MH + MBr + MCl + 3MF

= (2 x 12.01) + 1.01 + 79.90 + 35.45 + (3 x 19.00)
= 197.38 g/mol
Examples:
1.How many moles of F atoms are in a 75 ml sample of halothane
(C2HBrClF3? (d: 1.871g/ml)

2.How many grams of C are contained in 75 ml of halothane?

3.What is the mass percent composition of halothane?

The percentages of the elements in a compound should add up to 100%, and
we can use this fact in one of two ways;

1.Check the accuracy of the compotations by ensuring that the percentages do

total 100%.

2.Determine the percenteges of all the elements but one. Obtain that one by
difference.
Establishing Formulas from Experimentally Determined
Percent Composition of Compounds

5 Step approach:

1. Choose an arbitrary sample size (100g).

2. Convert masses to amounts in moles.
3. Write a formula.
4. Convert formula to small whole numbers.
5. Multiply all subscripts by a small whole number to make the
subscripts integral.
Examples:
1.Dibutyl succinate is an insect repellent used against household ants and
roaches. Its composition is 62.58% C, and 27.79% O. Its experimentally
determined molecular mass is 230 u. What are the empirical and molecular
formulas of dibtyl succinate?

2.Diacetoneglucose has a molecular mass of 260 u and the mass present

composition: 55.37% C, 7.75% H and 36.88% O. What are the empirical
and molecular formulas of this substance?
 Combustion Analysis

In combustion analysis a weighed sample of a compound is burned in a

stream of oxygen gas. The water vapor and carbon dioxide gas produced
in the combustion are absorbed by appropriate substances.
Examples:
1.Vitamin C is essential for the prevention of scurvy. Combustion of a 2.0g
sample of this C-H-O compound yields 0.2998 g CO2 and 0.0819g H2O.
What is the empirical formula of vitamin C?

2.Isobutyl propionate is the substance that provides the flavor for rum
extract. Combustion of a 1.152 g sample of this carbon- hydrogen-oxygen
compound yields 2.726 g CO2 and 1.116 g H2O. What is the empirical
formula of Isobutyl propionate?
 3-4 Oxidation States: A Useful Tool in Describing
Chemical Compounds

Metals tend to lose Non-metals tend to

electrons. gain electrons.
Na Na+ + e- Cl + e- Cl-

Reducing agents Oxidizing agents

We use the Oxidation State to keep track of the number of electrons that
have been gained or lost by an element.
Metals are electron sources
Non-metals are electron sinks
Sodium goes to the +1 oxidation state
Chlorine goes tot eh –1 oxidation state
Example:
What is the oxidation state of the underlined element in each
of the following?

a. P4 b. Al2O3 c. MnO4- d. NaH e. H2O2 f. Fe3O4

g. Cr2O7- h. Cl2O i. S2O3-2 j. KMnO4 k. H2CO

3-5 Naming Compounds:
Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Lead (IV) oxide Lead (II) oxide

Two oxides of lead
3-6 Names and Formulas
of Inorganic Compounds
Binary Compounds of Metals and Nonmetals
Binary Compounds of Two Non-Metals

Molecular compounds
usually write the positive OS element first.
HCl hydrogen chloride

Some pairs form more than one compound

mono 1 penta 5
di 2 hexa 6
tri 3 hepta 7
tetra 4 octa 8
Binary Acids

Acids produce H+ when dissolved in water.

They are compounds that ionize in water.
The symbol (aq) signifies aqueous solution.

H2S(aq) = hydrosulfuric acid

HI(aq) = hydroiodic acid
HCl(aq) = hydrochloric acid
HBr(aq) = hydrobromic acid
HF(aq) = hydrofluoric acid
 Polyatomic Ions
Increasing oxidation state of nonmetal

hypo___ite ___ite ___ate per___ate

Increasing number of oxygen atoms :
1. Polyatomic anions are more common than polyatomic cations. The most
familiar polyatomic cation is the ammonium ion NH4+.
2. Very few polyatomic anions carry the -ide ending in their names. Of those
listed, only OH- (hydroxide ion) and CN- (cyanide ion) do. The common
endings are -ite and -ate, and some names carry prefixes, hypo- or per-.
3. An element common to many polyatomic anions is oxygen, usually in
combination with another nonmetal. Such anions are called oxoanions.
4. Certain nonmetals (such as Cl, N, P, and S) form a series of oxoanions
containing different numbers of oxygen atoms. Their names are related to the
oxidation state of the nonmetal atom to which the O atoms are bonded,
ranging from hypo- (lowest) to per- (highest) according to the following
scheme.
 Some Compounds of Greater Complexity

Effect of Moisture
Blue anhydrous
CoCl2
Pink hexahydrate
CoCl2• 6 H2O
Effect of moisture on CoCl2

18.02 g H2O
The piece of filter paper was soaked in a 6 mol H2O x
1 mol H2O
water solution of cobalt(II) chloride and %H2O = x 100%
237.9 g CoCl2• 6 H2O
then allowed to dry. When kept in dry air,
= 45.45% H2O
the paper is blue in color (anhydrous
CoCl2). In humid air, the paper changes to
pink (CoCl2 • 6 H2O).
3-7 Names and Formulas of Organic Compounds

Organic compounds abound in nature

Fats, carbohydrates and proteins are foods.
Propane, gasoline, kerosene, oil are fuels.
Drugs and plastics are produced by chemical industries.

Carbon atoms form chains and rings and act as

the framework of molecules.
Hydrocarbons

Visualizations of some hydrocarbons

 Isomers
Isomers have the same molecular formula but have different
arrangements of atoms in space. Are the following pairs isomers?

(c)

H
 Functional Groups

Visualizations of some alcohols

The carboxyl group and visualizations of two carboxylic acids
End of Chapter Questions
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