VERTEBRATES – have internal skeleton
made of either bone or cartilage
1. Fish
 live in water
 are streamlined and have fins
 have eyes
 they breathe using gills
 skin is covered with scales
2. Amphibians
have smooth and moist skin
most live on land but they return water
to breed
if on land, they breathe using lungs but
when they are in water, they breath
through their skin
3. Reptiles
 have dry, scaly skin
 live in dry regions
 they lay eggs with leathery, waterproof shells
4. Birds
 have feathers
 the front limbs are modified as wings
 most are able to fly
 have no teeth but they have beaks
 warm - blooded
5. Mammals
 have hair or fur
 their young develop in the
womb and are born well
developed
 feed their young with milk
 breathe using lungs
Warm-blooded
 Plant Kingdom
Characteristics:
 multicellular
 cells have cellulose cell walls
 autotrophic
(can make their own food)
 reproduce asexually and sexually NON – FLOWERING PLANTS

 capable of movement only FLOWERING PLANTS

Asexual reproduction in plants
Three methods of plant asexual
reproduction:
 Bulbs
o Underground food storage
organs with fleshy leaves that
store food and can grow and
develop into new plants.
o Examples onions and garlic.
Runners
o Horizontal stems
o Examples: strawberry or spider plants.
Tubers
oUnderground food stores.
oGroups of cells in the tuber use this food to produce the
energy needed for cell division.
oThese cells then grow and develop into new plants.
Flowering plants
• have flowers
• reproduce by seeds
• have roots, stems, leaves and flower.
• divided into:
(a) dicotyledons
(b) monocotyledons
(a) Monocotyledons
- long and narrow leaves with
parallel veins
- parts of the flower are in
multiples of three
- one cotyledon inside each
seed
- vascular bundles in the stem
are scattered
(b) Dicotyledons
- broad leaves with network of
branching veins
- parts of the flower are in
multiples of four or five
- two cotyledon inside each
seed
- vascular bundles in the stem
are arranged in ring