Introduction to psychiatry

DR Shikha Upadhyay
MD Psychiatry
• Johann Christian Reil coined ther term psychiatry in 1808
• Psych : soul
• Iatry: treatment
• Treatment of the soul
Mental illness
• Mental and behavioural disorders are understood as clinically
significant conditions characterized by alterations in thinking, mood,
emotions or behaviour associated with personal distress and / or
impaired functioning. (WHO 2001)
Common terms
• Psychology: Science of behaviour, experience and normal functioning
of the mind.
• Psychotherapy: treatment of psychological issues by non physical
means.
• Psychoanalysis: a type of psychotherapy of exploring the unconscious
mind.
Etiology of mental illness
• Predisposing factors:
• Factors that determine an individual’s susceptibility to mental illness.
They interact with precipitating factors to cause mental illness.
• Genetic factors
• Damage to CNS
• Adverse psychosocial influence
• Precipitating factors:
• Events that occur shortly before the onset of illness and appear to
have caused it and are also k/as stressors
• Perpetuating factors:
• Responsible for aggravating or prolonging the illness

• Biological
• Psychological
• Social factors
• Biological:
• Heredity/ genetics
• Biochemical factors (neurotransmitters)
• Brain damage
• Psychological:
• certain personality types
• response to stressors
• Interpersonal relationships, ACE
• Social:
• Marital issues
• Employment
• Urbanisation
• Migration
• Gambling
• Substance use
Broadly categorised as
• Psychosis:
• Whole Personality affected
• Lack of touch with reality
• Lack of insight
• Neurosis:
• Part of personality affected
• In touch with reality
• Insight present
Classification systems
• ICD 11 (International classification of mental and behavioural
disorders) F00-F98
• DSM 5 (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders)
Symptoms
• Disturbance of :-
• biological function (sleep, appetite, weight, bowel bladder habit,
libido)
• Mental function (attention and concentration, memory, intelligence
and judgement)
• Personality/ social function
• Somatic complaints
Treatment modalities
• Pharmacotherapy
• Antipsychotics
• Antidepressants
• Mood stabilisers
• Anxiolytics
• Antiparkinsonian drugs
• Antabuse drugs
• Psychotherapy:
• Individual therapy
• Group therapy
• Cognitive behaviour therapy
• Occupational therapy
 Physical therapy:
• Electroconvulsive therapy
• Transcranial magnetic stimulation
• Light therapy
• Vagus nerve stimulation
• THANK YOU!!!!