Properties of Liquids and

Intermolecular Forces
 A. CROSSWORD PUZZLE

Directions: Complete the puzzle below. Identify the words that are being describe across and down the puzzle.

D
.
1 the transformation of a
O substance from a liquid to
W gas
N 2. referred to as the amount of
resistance needed to increase
the surface area of liquids
3. no color
4. the temperature at which
a liquid boil and turns to
vapor.
6. a colorless, transparent,
odorless liquid that forms the
seas, lakes, rivers, and rain
and is the basis of the fluids
of living organisms.
9. a condition at which there
is a negligible net change

ACROSS 1.the property of liquid that refers to measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow
4. refers to the ability to resist extreme pH changes
5. the transformation of a substance from a gas to liquid
7. a substance that flows freely but is of constant volume, having a consistency like that of water or oil
8. a molecule that contains a hydrogen proton (H +)
10. the ability of liquid to readily evaporate in an open vessel
Properties of Liquids and
Intermolecular Forces

1. Surface tension is the measure of

the elastic force in the surface of a
liquid. It is the amount of energy
required to stretch or increase the
surface of a liquid by a unit area. It is
manifested as some sort of skin on
the surface of a liquid or in a drop of
liquid.
 Look at the picture below it
illustrates and shows the
manifestations of surface tension.
 Surface Tension
• Molecules within a liquid
experience force of
attraction equally in all
directions.
• However, there are no
forces above the surface
of the liquid, but there
are normal forces below.
 Surface Tension

ION-DIPOLE
FORCES

INCREASING
HYDROGEN BOND

DIPOLE-DIPOLE
FORCES

LONDON
DISPERSION
FORCES
2. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s
resistance to flow. The greater the
viscosity, the slower the liquid flows.
The quality of viscosity is often talk
when it comes to hydrocarbons
wherein it is stated that the larger the
molecule of a hydrocarbon, even if it is
nonpolar, the stronger is the
intermolecular forces, thus
hydrocarbons with larger molecules
had the greater viscosity compared to
nonpolar substances that is made up
of small molecules. Viscosity is
expressed in units of centipoise.

 To further observed how viscosity is

pour a little sample of honey and
water in a plate then observe how the
2 differs once they flow.
 Viscosity

ION-DIPOLE
FORCES

INCREASING
HYDROGEN BOND

DIPOLE-DIPOLE
FORCES

LONDON
DISPERSION
FORCES
3. Vapor pressure is independent of
the amount of liquid as well as the
surface area of the liquid in contact
with the gas. Like any gas sample,
the molecules in the gaseous state
over its liquid create a pressure.
The greater the number of gaseous
particles, the greater the pressure
exerted by the gas. The pressure
exerted by the gas in equilibrium
with a liquid in a closed container
at a given temperature is called the
equilibrium vapor pressure or
simply vapor pressure of the liquid.
The equilibrium vapor pressure
is the maximum vapor pressure of a
liquid at a given temperature and
that it is constant at a constant
temperature. It increases with
temperature.
Vapor Pressure
ION-DIPOLE
FORCES

INCREASING
HYDROGEN BOND

DIPOLE-DIPOLE
FORCES

LONDON
DISPERSION
FORCES
4. Molar heat of vaporization
(ΔHvap) is the energy required to
vaporize 1 mole of a liquid at a
given temperature. H is the
symbol for enthalpy, which
means heat content at a given
standard condition.

The heat of vaporization may be

considered a measure of the
strength of intermolecular forces in
a liquid. If the intermolecular
attraction is strong, it takes a lot of
energy to free the molecules from
the liquid phase and the heat of
vaporization will be high
Here is a practical way to demonstrate
differences in the molar heat of vaporization:

First, rub a sample of acetone on your

hands. Then, compare what is felt
when water is used.
The reason of the cooling effect in
your hand is because acetone has a
lower ΔHvap than water so that heat
from our hands is enough to increase
the kinetic energy of these molecules
and provide additional heat to vaporize
them. As a result of the loss of heat
from the skin, our hands feel cool.
 6.Boiling and Melting Point
• Substances with weak intermolecular ION-
DIPOLE
forces will have low melting and FORCES
boiling points while those with strong

INCREASING
HYDROGEN
BOND
intermolecular forces will have high DIPOLE-
melting and boiling points. DIPOLE
FORCES
• The strong intermolecular force of the
substance holds the molecules tightly LONDON
DISPERSIO
thus making the bond hard to N FORCES

evaporate and boil.

 Summary
Property Trend (Weak→Strong)
SURFACE TENSION London dispersion forces< dipole-dipole
forces<hydrogen bond<ion dipole

MELTING AND London dispersion forces< Dipole-dipole

forces<Hydrogen bond<Ion-dipole forces
BOILING POINT
VAPOR PRESSURE Ion-dipole forces<Hydrogen bond<Dipole-dipole
forces<London dispersion forces
VISCOSITY London dispersion forces< Dipole-dipole
forces<Hydrogen bond<Ion-dipole forces
 Arrange the following compounds
(F2, NaCl, CH3OH, H2S) in decreasing:

1. Surface tension
_________________________
2. Boiling point
_________________________
3. Melting point
_________________________
4. Vapor pressure
_________________________
 Arrange the following compounds
(F2, NaCl, CH3OH, H2S) in decreasing:
F2=London Dispersion Force, NaCl=Ion-Dipole Force,
CH3OH=Hydrogen Bond, H2S=Dipole-dipole Force

NaCl,CH3OH, H2S, F2
1. Surface tension
NaCl,CH3OH, H2S, F2
_________________________
NaCl,CH3OH, H2S, F2
2. Boiling point
F2, H2S, CH3OH, NaCl
_________________________
NaCl,CH3OH, H2S, F2
3. Melting point
_________________________
4. Vapor pressure
 Seatwork
Determine the possible intermolecular force in
the following molecules and arrange them in
order of increasing strength of intermolecular
forces.
1. Cl2 _______________
2. H2O2 _______________
3. HBr _______________
Trend: _______________
 Seatwork
Determine the possible intermolecular force in
the following molecules and arrange them in
order of increasing strength of intermolecular
forces.
1. Cl2 _______________
London dispersion forces

2. H2O2 _______________
Hydrogen Bond

Dipole-dipole forces
3. HBr _______________
Cl , HBr, H O
Trend: 2 2
_______________
2
Hydrogen Bonding in H2O
H-bonding is especially strong in water because
the O—H bond is very polar
there are 2 lone pairs on the O atom
Accounts for many of water’s unique properties.

Figure 13.10
UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF
Water
1.Water is Polar
 with partial positive charges on the hydrogens, a partial
negative charge on the oxygen, and a bent overall structure.
This is because oxygen is more electronegative, meaning that
it is better than hydrogen at attracting electrons.
2.Water is an excellent solvent
Excellent solvent for transport of nutrients and waste
products especially on biological systems

Used as solvents in industries

Has high dielectric constant thus it has a high

solubility of ionic substances and their ionization in
solution.
3.Water has High specific heat capacity
(1 cal/g- C or 75.5 J/mol-K)
o

specific heat is the number of calories required to

raise the temperature of 1 g of liquid to 1oC

it can absorb or lose more heat energy without

high increase in temperature
4.Water has High heat of vaporization
(540 cal/g-oC at 100oC, 44.1 kJ/mol; 603 cal/g-oC at 37
Heat of vaporization is the amount of heat absorbed
in converting 1 g of liquid to vapor without a change in
temperature
Evaporation of water is gradual thus it stabilizes the
temperature of bodies of water.
Stabilizes body temperature due to perspiration and
prevent overheating during hot day and during
strenuous exercise (when water molecules evaporate,
thus surface of liquid cools because only the highest
energy (hottest) molecules leave as gas.
5. Water has cohesive and
adhesive properties.
Cohesive forces are responsible for surface tension,
the tendency of a liquid’s surface to resist rupture
when placed under tension or stress.

Water also has adhesive properties that allow it to

stick to substances other than itself.
6. Water is less dense as a solid
than as a liquid
ice floats and keeps bottoms of lakes and oceans
liquid thus sustaining the life below the bodies of
water.

Ice forms at the surface to provide insulation that

prevents the water below from freezing
Hydrogen Bonding in H2O
H-bonding in H2O is responsible for the open lattice like
structure of ice.
Ice density is less than that of liquid, thus it floats on water.
Importance/application:
 water is used to put out fires
This moderates the temperature
fluctuations and maintains the
range necessary for life.
Great bodies of water heats up
slowly and cool off slowly in
comparison to land thus
moderating our climatic
conditions.
It helps regulates body
temperature.
Assessment:
Poster Making