PERANCANGAN SISTEM KERJA DAN ERGONOMI (IEI2H3)

BIOMECHANIC

Prepared by:
Team teaching (DCO, IKP, YFN, ATU, MRY)

Prodi S1 Teknik Industri

Fakultas Rekayasa Industri
Universitas Telkom
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 What is Biomechanics?
Occupational Biomechanics uses
Biomechanics is a sub-
discipline within the
general field of laws of physics
biomechanics that studies
the physical interaction
of workers with their engineering mechanics
tools, machines, and
materials to enhance
worker performance
while minimizing the risk biology
of musculoskeletal injury.
physiological principles

Describe the Understand the effects

motions of various of forces and moment
body segments (kinetics) acting on the
(kinematics) body.
Source: http://www.hughwatson.co.uk

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 Objectives
Prevent problems that can cause injury to workers, i.e.
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs).

Improving organizational
Improvement of (manual) performance
EASNE+P
working conditions. (efficiency,quality, worker
satisfaction).

Source: www.therooststand.com
Source: ASK EHS
Chart Your Course International

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How to lift properly

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 Impact of injury
Source Total Cost ($) Notes

In-plant medical 14,050 $50 per visit

visits and treatments
Employee absences
Work restrictions
Job changes initiated by
employee
127,905 Each 1-week absence
required 1 replacement worker
16,192 1/2 of the work restrictions required
replacement workers
13,984 Each job change required retraining
for 2 workers

Total Cost 172,131

Tabel 1. Total Cost from 93 cases of a car assembly work station

(Punnett, L. et al. (2000) Scand J Work Environ Health)

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6
 How to Reach the EASNE+P?
Need to know human limitation, capability, and function  Human
System

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 Musculoskeletal System
Tulang (Bones)

Jaringan penghubung
Source: Interactive Biology
(Connective Tissue)
• Ligaments: Connects bones to
bones
• Tendons: Connects muscle to
bones

Sendi (Joints) Source: SlidePlayer

• Interface between two bones

Otot (Muscle)
Source: Fortis Escorts

Source: ru.pngtree.com

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 NIOSH Guide for Manual Lifting
NIOSH (National The The load body position
Institute for Occuptional weight of
Safety and Health) the object Horizontal location of the
moved  object relative to the body
direct
Factors that affect the load Vertical location of the object
biomechanics relative to the floor

Distance the object is moved

vertically

Asymmetry angle or twisting

requirement

Frequency and duration of

lifting activity

Coupling or quality of the

workers grip on the object
Source: freerangestock.com

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Recommended Weight Limit (RWL)

Multipliers:
RWL = C x 6 multipliers
• horizontal location
Multiplier (HM)
C = Constant = 23 kg • vertical location Multiplier
(VM)
• vertical travel distance
(DM)
Multipliers ≤ 1 • Asymmetry Multiplier
(AM)
• Frequency Multiplier (FM)
RWL = 23 kg  HM  VM 
• Coupling Multiplier (CM)
DM  AM  FM  CM

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 1. Horizontal Multiplier (HM)
HM = (25/H)

H = jarak horizontal (cm)

Multiplier
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Horizontal Distance (cm)

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 2. Vertical Multiplier (VM)
VM = (1-(0.003|V-75|))

V = jarak vertikal (cm)

Multiplier
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Vertical Distance (cm)

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 3. Distance Multiplier (DM)
DM = (0.82 +(4.5/D))

D = jarak perpindahan vertikal (cm)

Multiplier
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Distance Moved (cm)

DM = 1, if D = 0 14
 4. Asymmetry Multiplier (AM)
AM = (1-(0.0032|A|))
A
A = sudut asimetri

Multiplier
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 sagittal
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 plane
Asymmetry Angle (deg)
The asymmetric angle is the amount
(in degrees) of trunk and shoulder
rotation required by the lifting task.

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 5. Frequency Multiplier (FM)
appropriate lifting frequency of lifting tasks by using the average number
of lifts per minute during an average 15 minute sampling period.

≤ 1 hour ≤ 2 hour ≤ 8 hour

Frequency
initial load
lifts/min V<75 V≥75 V<75 V≥75 V<75 V≥75
height
0.2 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.85
0.5 0.97 0.97 0.92 0.92 0.81 0.81
1 0.94 0.94 0.88 0.88 0.75 0.75
2 0.91 0.91 0.84 0.84 0.65 0.65
3 0.88 0.88 0.79 0.79 0.55 0.55
4 0.84 0.84 0.72 0.72 0.45 0.45
5 0.80 0.80 0.60 0.60 0.35 0.35
6 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.27 0.27
7 0.70 0.70 0.42 0.42 0.22 0.22
8 0.60 0.60 0.35 0.35 0.18 0.18
9 0.52 0.52 0.30 0.30 0.00 0.15
10 0.45 0.45 0.26 0.26 0.00 0.13
11 0.41 0.41 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00
12 0.37 0.37 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.00
13 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
14 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
15 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
>15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

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 6. Coupling Multiplier (CM)
Initial load height Classification of the quality of the
Coupling V<75 cm V≥75 cm coupling between the worker's
Good 1.0 1.0 hands and the object as good, fair,
or poor (1, 2, or 3).
Fair .95 1.0
Poor .90 .90

1 = Good - Optimal design containers with handles of optimal design, or irregular objects
where the hand can be easily wrapped around the object.

2 = Fair - Optimal design containers with handles of less than optimal design, optimal
design containers with no handles or cut-outs, or irregular objects where the hand can be
flexed about 90°.

3 = Poor - Less than optimal design container with no handles or cut-outs, or irregular
objects that are hard to handle and/or bulky (e.g. bags that sag in the middle).

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 RWL Analysis
Lift Index = (Beban Aktual)/RWL
Interpretasi:

LI <= 1 OK

LI > 1 may
have
increased risk

LI > 3 likely
have
increased risk

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 Case 1

Problem Statement: Analyze the following work

task. A worker lifts 5 kg boxes from the
conveyor to the cart, five times every minute
for two hours.
CM=Good

AM=90°

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RWLorigin = Lc * HM * VM * DM * AM * FM * CM
RWLorigin = 23 kg * (25/20) * (1-(0.003*|75-75|))* (0.82 +(4.5/0)) * (1-
(0.0032|90|)) * 0.6* 1
RWLorigin = 23 kg * (1) * (1)* (1) * (0.712)* 0.6* 1
RWLorigin = 23 kg * (1) * (1)* (1) * (0.712)* 0.6* 1
= 9.83kg

LIorigin = actual load / RWLorigin

= 5/9.83
= 0.51
The following work task is safe because LI<=1.

RWLdestination = ?
RWLdestination = 23 kg * HM * VM * DM * AM * FM * CM 20
 Case 2

• Problem Statement: Analyze

the following work task!
(For RWLOrigin and RWLdestination)
• A worker lifts 15 kg boxes
from the conveyor to the cart,
• 5 lifts per min, for two hours.
• Fair coupling.
 Case 3

Problem Statement:
• Analyze the following
work task.
• A worker lifts a 15 kg load
of loosely-piled pieces of
metal from the floor to
the table,
• 5 lift/min.
• Poor Coupling.
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