LECTURE 4 INTRO TO

SOCIOLOGY
Research process
STATING THE PROBLEM
 Investigate

 Personal Experiences of common-sense

 Self interest

 E.g. children, domestic violence, transgender,

 Village life, working women, late marriages,

early marriages, behavior with servants,
university life , college fellows bonding.
LITERATURE REVIEW
 Integral part of the research process and
makes a valuable contribution to almost
every functional research.
 Theoretical roots to your study
 Integrate your findings with the existing
body of knowledge
LINK OF LITERATURE REVIEW WITH
RESEARCH

 Provide theoretical background to your

study
 Make link between your findings and pre-
existing findings
 Broaden your knowledge
SOURCES FOR THE LITERATURE
Books
Journals/ articles
E-books
CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK
THEORY- RESEARCH PROBLEM
FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEM
 Source of research problem
 People

 Problems

 Programs

 Phenomena
RESEARCH PROBLEM
 It’s a question which you want answered or assertion
that you want to challenge or investigate.
 Baseline of your whole research

 Why: Why extensive uses of drugs lead to lungs cancer?

 What: What kind of security challenges faced by

minorities in religious event of Pakistan?
 How: How book reading impact on mental health?
CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTING
PROBLEM
 Interest
 Magnitude ( Knowledge and ability)

 Measurements of concepts (Quantitative)

 Level of expertise

 Relevance

 Availability of data

 Ethical issues
METHODOLOGY
 Qualitative
 Quantitative

 Quantitative: it is numeric and objective seeking research

which is concerned with question like co relational. It also
differ in objectives, techniques and design also more
précised and statistically controlled. Closed ended

 Qualitative. It is concerned with subjective phenomena that

can’t numerically measured , like how different people
experience grief. It is more exploratory. Open ended.
VARIABLES

 Cause and effect

 Independent and dependent

 Income, life style

 Height , weight

 Racism and discrimination

STUDY DESIGN

 Qualitative
 ( In-depth interview, focus group discussion)

 ( questionnaire, surveys observations)

 Quantitative

 Survey research

 Experimental research

 Co relational research
DATA COLLECTION
 Depends upon your statement of problem
 Your sample and population will be decided by topic.

 Common places

 Sensitive places

 Organizations
AFTER DATA ANALYSIS WE
MOVE TO OUR FINDINGS AND
MAKE RESULTS
These findings are approval of our
theory