DR. JOSE P.

RIZAL
 Evils during the Spanish Era
1. Instability of colonial administration.
2. Corrupt officials
3. No philippine representation in the Spanish
Cortes
4. Human rights denied
5. No equality before the law.
6. Maladministration of justice.
7. Racial discrimination
8. Frailocracy
9. Polo-forced labor
10. Hacienda owned by friars
11. Guardia Civil
CHAPTER 1
ADVENT OF A NATIONAL HERO
THE BIRTH OF A HERO
June 19, 1861 – moonlit night of Wednesday in
Calamba Laguna our national hero was born.
June 22, 3 days after, he was baptized by Fr.
Rufino Collantes and Rev. Pedro Casanas as the
godfather.
Name Jose – was chosen by his mother who
was a devotee of St. Joseph
 RIZAL’S PARENTS
Don Francisco Mercado Rizal (1818-1898) died
at 80
Native of Binan Laguna
Studied Latin and Philosophy and Letters at
College of San Jose in Manila
Character:
‘A model of a father’ – hardy, independent-
minded man, talked less and worked more,
strong in body and valiant in spirit.
Dona Teodora (1826-1911) died at 85
•Born in Manila, studied at College of Sta.
Rosa

Character:
Remarkable woman possessing
refined culture, literary talent, business
ability, fortitude of Spartan woman, a
mathematician and read many
literary books.
The Mercado - Rizal Family
Francisco, the father, was a serious looking
man of sturdy build. He was born in Biñan,
Laguna on April 18, 1818.
Teodora, the mother, was a vigorous and
persevering woman with a benevolent heart
and a likable personality.

Saturnina (1850-1913), eldest of the Rizal

children, became the wife of Manuel T. Hidalgo
of Tanauan, Batangas.

Paciano, the second child in the family and Rizal's

only brother.
Narcisa (1852-1939), third Rizal, was married to
Antonio Lopez of Morong, Rizal.

Olympia (1855-1887), fourth Rizal child, was married to

Silvestre Ubaldo. She died of childbirth in 1887.

Lucia (1857-1919), fifth Rizal child, was the wife of

Mariano Herbosa.

Maria (1859-1945), the sixth Rizal child, became the

wife of Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna.

Jose Rizal (1861-1896), became the national hero of the

Philippines.
Trinidad (1868-1951), the tenth Rizal child.

Soledad (1870-1929), the youngest Rizal child

became the wife of Pantaleon Quintero.
The Surname Rizal:
•“Mercado” meaning market, was adopted in
1731 by Domingo Lamco who was a full blooded
Chinese.
•“Rizal” the second surname was acquired from a
word “racial” meaning field, or new pasture.
Rizal ‘s Home:
•A two story building, rectangular in shape, built in
adobe stones and hard woods and roofed with red
tiles.
Behind were the poultry yard full of turkeys and
chickens and a big garden of tropical fruit trees – atis,
balimbing, chico, macopa,papaya, santol, tampoy , etc.
Rizal’s home
A Good Middle Class Family:
The family belonged to the principalia, a town
aristocracy, one of the distinguished family in
Calamba
From the farms they harvested rice, corn and
sugarcane.
They raised pigs, chickens and turkeys in their
backyard, with fruits like atis, balimbing,
chico,macopa,papaya, santol, tampoy etc.
•Dona Teodora managed a general goods store
and operated a small flour-mill and a home -made
ham press.
•They owned a carriage which was a status symbol
and another house situated near the town and a
private library consisted of 1,000 volumes.
•They participated prominently in all the social and
religious affair of their community
•The Rizal family had a simple, contented and
happy life.
•The children were sent to colleges in Manila
•The children were trained to love God, to behave
Well, to be obedient, to respect people. And when
they do trouble they get a beating.
 Chapter 2
CHILDHOOD DAYS IN CALAMBA
Calamba the Hero’s Town:
•A verdant plain covered with irrigated rice fields
and sugar lands., in the South lies the Mount
Makiling and beyond is the province of Batangas..
East of the town is the Laguna de Bay and in the
middle of the lake is the Talim Island beyond it is
Antipolo.
•In 1876, when he was 15 years old , he wrote Un
Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo
Earliest Childhood Memory:
•Young Jose was frail, sickly and undersize he was
given the tenderest care by his parents. His father
built a small Nipa cottage in the garden and an old
woman was employed as an aya.
•They played at the azotea and the aya related
many stories about fairies, tales of buried treasures
and trees blooming with diamonds and other
fabulous stories, which aroused in him an enduring
interest in legends and folklore.
The Hero’s first Sorrow:
•The death of his little sister brought him his first
sorrow
Devoted Son of Church:
•At three his mother taught him the Catholic
prayers and at five he was able to read haltingly
the Spanish family bible.
•He loved to go to church and join in religious
processions. Was laughingly called Manong Jose
by Hermanos and Hermanas Terceras.
 Fr. Leoncio Lopez, the town priest whom Rizal
used to visit and listen to his stimulating opinions
on current events and sound philosophy of life.
Pilgrimage to Antipolo:
•June 6, 1868, Jose and his father go on a pilgrimage
to Antipolo in order to fulfill his mother’s vow which
was made when he was born.
The church of Antipolo today
The Story of the Moth
•Jose loves story telling and this “the story of the
moth” made a great impression on him.
•The tragic death of the Moth which “died a
martyr to its illusions” left a deep impress on
Rizal’s mind. He justified such noble death,
asserting that “to sacrifice one’s life for it is
worthwhile”. And like the young Moth he was
fated to die as martyr for a noble ideal.
Artistic Talent:
•At the age of five he begun to make sketches with
his pencil and mold in clay and wax objects which
attracted his fancy.
•A religious banner used during fiesta was made by
Rizal and it was better than the original one.
•He love to ride on a pony and take long walks in
meadows and lakeshore with his black dog named
Usman.
First Poem of Rizal:
•Rizal possessed a God-given gift for literature.
His mother encouraged him to write poetry.
•At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his 1st poem in
the native language entitled “Sa Aking mga
Kababata” (To My Fellow Children)
which reveals his earliest nationalist sentiment.
Sa Aking Mga Kababata
ni José Rizal
Kapagka ang baya'y sadyang umiibig
Sa kanyang salitang kaloob ng langit,
Sanglang kalayaan nasa ring masapit
Katulad ng ibong nasa himpapawid.

Pagka't ang salita'y isang kahatulan

Sa bayan, sa nayo't mga kaharian,
At ang isang tao'y katulad, kabagay
Ng alin mang likha noong kalayaan.

Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang salita

Mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda,
Kaya ang marapat pagyamaning kusa
Na tulad sa inang tunay na nagpala.

Ang wikang Tagalog tulad din sa Latin

Sa Ingles, Kastila at salitang anghel,
Sapagka't ang Poong maalam tumingin
Ang siyang naggawad, nagbigay sa atin.

Ang salita nati'y huwad din sa iba

Na may alfabeto at sariling letra,
Na kaya nawala'y dinatnan ng sigwa
Ang lunday sa lawa noong dakong una.
First Drama by Rizal:
•At eight he wrote his first dramatic work which
was a Tagalog comedy, which was staged in
Calamba town fiesta and the gobernadorcillo of
Paete who happened to witness the comedy
purchase the manuscript for two pesetas
Influences on the Hero’s Boyhood:
1.Hereditary Influence:
•These are the qualities which a person inherits
from his ancestors. He had
1.Malayan ancestors –
2.Chinese ancestors –
3. Spanish ancestors –
4. From his father –
5.From his mother –
2. Environmental Influence:
The scenic beauty of Calamba and the beautiful
garden of the Rizal’s family stimulated the inborn
artistic and literary talents of young Jose. The
religious atmosphere at his home fortified his
religious nature. His brother Paciano instilled in
his mind the love for freedom and justice and
from his sisters he learned to be courteous and
kind to women.
.
The fairly tales told by his aya awakened his
interest in folklore and legends. His three Uncles
Tio Jose Albert, inspired him to develop his artistic
ability, Tio Manuel a husky and athletic man,
encouraged him to develop his frail body by means
of physical exercises, including horse riding, walking
and wrestling and Tio Gregorio, a book lover,
intensified his voracious reading of good books.
And Fr. Leoncio Lopez, the learned priest of
Calamba, fostered Rizal’s love for scholarship and
intellectual honesty.
3. Aid of Divine Providence:
A person may have everything in life- brains,
wealth and power but, without the Aid of God
he cannot attain greatness in the annals of the
nation.
 CHAPTER 3
EARLY EDUCATION IN CALAMBA AND BINAN

The Hero’s 1st Teacher

1st teacher was his mother who was patient,
conscientious and understanding.
Three private tutors of Jose:
- Maestro Celestino
- Lucas Padua
- Leon Monroy.
Jose Goes to Binan
=June 1869 Jose left Calamba for Binan accompanied by
Paciano.
-Jose was to lodge at their aunt’s house and that same
night Jose with his cousin named Leandro went sightseeing
First Day in Binan School
-Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz – a tall, thin, long
necked and a sharp nose and body slightly bent forward
was Jose’s teacher in Binan.
-Jose was being laughed at by Pedro, the teacher’s son.
Daily Life in Binan
•Heard mass at four o’clock, eat the mabolo tree,
took breakfast and went to class until 10 o'clock
returned to school at two and came out at five.
Prayed with cousins for a while, studied his lesson,
drew a little and took supper. They prayed and if
there was a moon, played with cousins outside.
Best Student in School
•Classmates of Jose would tell lies to discredit
him that’s why in spite of the reputation being a
good boy, the day was unusual when he was not
laid out on a bench and gives five or six blows.
Martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za
•January 20, 1872, about 200 Filipino soldiers under
Lamadrid, a Filipino sergeant, rose in violent mutiny
because of the abolition of their usual privileges including
exemption from polo and tribute.
•Governor Rafael Izquierdo suppressed the
mutiny after two days. In order to liquidate the priests,
the governor magnified the mutiny into a “revolt” for
Philippine independence, despite the archbishop’s plea of
their innocence the three martyrs were executed at
sunrise February 17, 1872.
Injustice to Hero’s Mother
•Before June of 1872, Dona Teodora was
arrested on a charge that she and her brother,
Jose Alberto, tried to poison the latter's
perfidious wife.
•The evil wife with the connivance of the
lieutenant of the guardia civil filed a case in
court with the help of the gobernadorcillo,
Antonio Vivencio del Rosario
•After the arresting Dona Teodora,the lieutenant
forced Dona Teodora to walk from Calamba to
Santa Cruz where she was incarcerated for two
years and a half until the Manila Royal Audiencia
(Supreme court) acquitted her of the alleged
crime.
CHAPTER 3:
SCHOLASTIC TRIUMPHS AT ATENEO
RIZAL ENTERS ATENEO

Fr Ferrando refused to admit him for two

reasons:
1. He was late for registration.
2. He was sickly and undersized for
his age.
Manuel Xerez Burgos interceded.
Used the surname Rizal instead of
Mercado.
BOARDED OUTSIDE INTRAMUROS ON CARABALLO ST. A
BOARDING HOUSE OWNED BY TITAY

Jesuit system of Education

More advanced than that of other colleges in that period.
Trained the character of the student by rigid discipline and religious
instruction
Promoted the physical, culture. Humanities and scientific studies.
Aside from academic courses leading to AB, it offers vocational
course in agriculture,commerce, mechanics and surveying.
They were given splendid professors.
They acquired prestige as an excellent college for boys.
Rizal, 11 years old, a student at
Ateneo Municipal de Manila
THE TWO EMPIRES

1. Carthaginian/externos/non-boarders
2. Roman/internos/boarders
Best student - Emperor
2nd best - Tribune
3rd best - Decurion
4th best - Centurion
5th best - Standard Bearer
FIRST YEAR IN ATENEO:
Fr. Jose Bech – 1st professor in Ateneo
Member of the Carthaginians occupying the end
of the line.
After 1st week the Calamba boy progressed and at
the end of the month became" Emperor”.
Sta. Isabel College – where he attended private
lessons in Spanish for three pesos.
 SUMMER VACATION

Rizal secretly went to Sta. Cruz and told his mother

about his briliant grades in Ateneo.
Second Year in Ateneo (1873-74)
Nothing unusual happened, repented having neglected
his studies the previous year because he was offended
by his teacher’s remarks.
His other classmates had been his classmates in Binan
under Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz.
Prophecy of his mother’s release:
Interpreted the dreams of his mother and told her that
she would be released after three months time.
Teenage Interest in Reading:
The Count of Monte Cristo (Alexander Dumas)
Universal History (Cesar Cantu)
Travels in the Philippines (Dr. Feodor Jagor)
 FOURTH YEAR IN ATENEO:
He became an interno.
Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez
-best professor, “a model of uprightness,
earnestness, and love for the advancement of
his pupils.
He topped all his classmates in all subjects and
won five medals and returned to Calamba
proudly.
LAST YEAR IN ATENEO:
JUNE 16,1875 – Rizal became an interne in
Ateneo
FATHER FRANCISCO SANCHEZ - Rizal’s
favorite teacher. Rizal won 5 medals and topped in
all subjects and on March, 1876 he returned to
Calamba.
Rizal became the pride of the Jesuits and he
obtained highest grades in all subjects. He
received the degree of Bachelor of Arts with
highest honors during commencement exercise.
Fr. Francisco de Paula
Sanchez
EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES:
He was an emperor and a campus leader outside.
Secretary of the Marian Congregation
Member of Academy of Spanish Literature
Member of Academy of Natural Sciences
FATHER JOSE VILLACLARA – advised Rizal to stop
communing with the muses but to pay more attention to
practical studies.
Rizal studied painting at AGUSTIN SAEZ and
sculpture under ROMUALDO DE JESUS, a Filipino
sculptor.
 SCULPTURAL WORKS IN ATENEO:
THE VIRGIN MARY - he carved an image with
Batikuling (Phil. Hardwood) with his pocket knife
FATHER LLEONART – requested Rizal to carved an
image of SACRED HEART OF JESUS

POEMS MADE BY RIZAL IN ATENEO

Doña Teodora was the first one to discover

Rizal’s poetical talent while Fr. Sanchez helped Rizal to
develop his talent.
Poems made by Rizal:
Mi Primera Inspiration (My First Inspiration) -
dedicated to Rizal’s mother
Through Education Our Motherland Receives Light
The Intimate Alliance between Religion and Good
Education
To the Child Jesus
To the Virgin Mary
DRAMATIC WORK IN ATENEO:
Father Sanchez requested Rizal to wrote a drama based
with ST. EUSTACE THE MARTYR and on June 2,
1876, Rizal had finished the drama.
FIRST ROMANCE OF RIZAL
SEGUNDA KATIGBAK – a
14 yr. old Batangueña from
Lipa whom Rizal first fell in
loved with but Segunda was
already engaged to Manuel
Luz.
MARIANO KATIGBAK –
brother of Segunda
LA CONCORDIA COLLEGE
– where Segunda and Olimpia
(Rizal’s sister) studied
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO
TOMAS
UNIVERSITY LIFE AT UST
Jose Rizal to Blumentritt, 8th
November 1888 – “xxx I was
sixteen when my mother told my
father: Don’t send him to Manila
any longer; he knows enough; if he
gets to know any more, they will
cut off his head!” “Did my mother
perhaps have a foreboding of what
was to happen to me” Does a
mother’s heart really have a second
sight?” (Guerrero)
2 courses enrolled at UST:
Philosophy and Letters (1877 – 1878) &
Medicine
Mother’s Opposition to Higher Education
Don Francisco and Paciano wanted Jose to
pursue higher learning Doña Teodora opposed
this idea saying “he will loose his head just like
what happened to the three martyrs”
Rizal Enters the University
April 1877, Rizal at 16 years old, entered University of
Santo Tomas
Reasons why he enrolled Philosophy and Letters:
•His father liked it
•He was not sure what career to pursue

Father Pablo Ramon - Rector of the Ateneo, Rizal asked

for advice on the choice of career Rizal studied
Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy, and History of
Philosophy
His loyalty to Ateneo continued JPR still continued as:
-President of the Academy of Spanish Literature
-Secretary of the Academy of Natural Sciences
-Secretary of the Marian Congregation
VICTIM OF SPANISH OFFICER’S BRUTALITY
Setting: Dark night, summer vacation 1878, Calamba
He passed by a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil but failed
to recognize the latter. Insulted, the lieutenant slashed Jose’s
back with his sword. Jose reported to General Primo de Rivera,
Spanish governor general, but no resolution was done because
of racial discrimination
THE POEM IS A CLASSIC FOR TWO
REASONS:

It was the first great poem in Spanish

written by a Filipino whose merit was
recognized by Spanish literary
authorities
It expressed for the first time the
nationalistic concept that the Filipinos,
and not the foreigners were the “fair
hope of the Fatherland
TO THE FILIPINO YOUTH (1879)
- Literary contest by Artistico-Literario (Artistic
Literary Lyceum)
- Rizal, 18 years old, submitted his poem entitled A
La Juventud Filipina(To the Filipino Youth)
- The first prize, a feather shaped, gold ribbon
decorated silver pen was given to Rizal
- In the poem, Rizal beseeched the Filipino to rise
from lethargy, to let their genius fly swifter than the
wind and descend with art science to break the
chains that have long bound the spirit of the people.
Leonor Rivera studied at the Colegio de la
Inmaculada Concepcion de la Concordia, more
commonly known as Colegio de la Concordia or
simply La Concordia. It was the same school where
Rizal’s sisters attended. Rizal was already in his
second year of studying Medicine at the University
of Santo Tomas in Intramuros when he met Rivera.
He was a boarder at the house of Rivera’s parents.
According to Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo,
Rizal and Rivera met in 1880 and got engaged in the
same year. He was 19, she was 13.
 THE COUNCIL OF THE GODS (1880)
Another literary contest by the Artistic-
Literary Lyceum to commemorate the fourth
centennial of the death of Cervantes, Spanish and
author of Don Quixote.
Manuel De Cervantes – Spain’s glorified man of
letter
-Rizal was aided by Father Rector of the Ateneo in
securing the needed reference materials
- The contest was participated by priest, laymen,
professors of UST, newspapermen and scholars.
- Rizal won the first price; he received a gold ring
engraved with bust of Cervantes.
OTHER LITERARY WORKS

1879: Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma

A poem, declaimed by an Atenean, manuel Fernandez on December 8, 1879 in
honor of patroness
1880: Junto al Pasig(Beside the Pasig)
A zarzuela, staged by the Ateneans on December 8, 1880 on the Feast Day of
the Immaculate Conception, Patroness of the Ateneo.
RIZAL’S VISIT TO PAKIL AND PAGSANJAN
May 1881, Jose, along with his sisters Saturnina,
Maria, and Trinidad and female friends went on a
pilgrimage to Pakil, famous shrine of the Birhen Maria
de los Dolores.
They boarded a casco(a flat-bottom sailing vessel)
from Calamba to Pakil, Laguna
They stayed at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Manuel
Regalado, parents of Nicolas, Rizal’s friend in Manila
The company witnessed the famous Turumba, the
people dancing in honor Birhen Ma. delos Dolores
Rizal was infatuated by Vicenta Ybardolaza. She was
skillful in playing the harp at the Regalado home
RIZAL AND HIS PARTY THEN WENT TO
PAGSANJAN FOR TWO REASONS:
It was the native town of Leonor Valenzuela
To see the world famed Pagsanjan Falls
CHAMPION OF FILIPINO STUDENTS
There were frequent student brawls between the
Filipinos and the Spaniards. In 1880: Rizal founded
Compañerismo(Comradeship), a secret society of
Filipino UST students.
The members were called “Companions of Jehu”.
He was the chief of the society. His cousin, Galicano
Apacible was the secretary.
UNHAPPY DAYS AT THE UST
Rizal was unhappy in the Dominican institution
because:
1.The Dominican professors were hostile to him
2.The Filipino students were racially discriminated
against by the Spaniards
3.The method of instruction was obsolete and
repressive.
4.He failed to win high scholastic honors due to the
attitude of his professors.
DECISION TO STUDY ABROAD
Rizal decided to study in Spain after finishing the fourth
year of his medical course.
-The people who approved this are the following:
1.His older brother Paciano
2.His sisters Saturnina (Neneng) and Lucia
3.Uncle Antonio Rivera
4.The Valenzuela family
5.Pedro Paterno
6.Mateo Evangelista
7.Ateneo Jesuit fathers
8.Jose M. Cecilio
The people who did not know of his decision
are the following:
1.Rizal’s parents
2.Leonor Rivera
3.Spanish authorities

Credits to lyceum of the Philippines