CELL DIVISION CYCLE

Fundamental unit of life

table of 01
Content Standard
02
Performance Standard

contents:
03 04
Learning Competencies Pre-Test

05 06
Cell Division Mitosis

07 08
Meiosis Post-Test
 CONTENT STANDARDS:
The learners demonstrate understanding
of.......

• How cells divide to produce new cells.

• Meiosis as one of the process producing genetic variations of the
Mendelian Pattern of Inheritance.
 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS:

• Report on the importance of variation in plant and animal

breeding.
 LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

• Compare mitosis and meiosis, amd their role in cell division

cycle.
PRE-TEST
 Cell
Basic and fundamental unit of life,
it possesses a highly organized structure that
enables it to carry
out its vital functions.
Parent Cell
Daughter Cells

Replicates
 Cell
division
Process by which a cell divides into 2 new
cells.

Why do cells needs to divide?

 ORGANELLES
INVOVLVED IN
CELL DIVISION

NUCLEUS

The center of the cell and is bound

by a nuclear membrane.
 IN THE
NUCLEUS OF
EACH CELL,
THE DNA
MOLECULE IS
PACKAGED
INTO THREAD-
LIKE
STRUCTURES
CALLED
CHROMOSOME
Chromosome number HUMAN= 46
CHROMOSOME
S / 23 PAIRS

GOLDFISH= 94
CHROMOSOME
S/ 47 PAIRS

LETTUCE= 18 DOG= 78
CHROMOSOME CHROMOSOME
S/ 39 PAIRS
 All somatic(body)
cells in one organisms
have the same kind
and number of
chromosomes.
2 TYPES OF CELL
DIVISION

MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
MITOSIS
 What is mitosis?
Mitosis is the process where a single parent cell divides
to make two identical daughter cells.
LET’S LOOK
AT THE
STAGES OF
MITOSIS
 INTERPHASE

The cell grows in size and replicates its

DNA to prepare for cell division.
 PROPHASE
The chromosomes (genetic material)
condense (coil tightly) and the
nucleolus disappears.
METAPHASE
The chromosomes align in the centre of
the cell and attach to microtubules in
preparation to split apart.
 ANAPHASE
Chromatids separate and move to opposite
ends of the cell.

This stage ensures that each cell contains

identical chromosomes after splitting.
 TELOPHASE
Two new nuclei form around each set
of chromosomes.

Chromosomes decondense and the cells

begin to split from each other.
 THE WHOLE PROCESS
INTERPHAS PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHAS CYTOKINESI
E E S
MEIOSIS
 What is meiosis?
A type of cell division where a single cell divides twice
and produces four daughter cells with half the amount of
genetic material (sex cells).
Why is it important?
Meiosis makes sure that all organisms produced via
sexual reproduction contain the correct number of
chromosomes - half from each parent.
LET’S LOOK
AT THE
STAGES OF
MEIOSIS
PROPHASE 1
The chromosomes condense and the
nucleolus breaks down.

As chromosomes move around,

crossing over happens - this means
genetic material can be exchanged.
METAPHASE 1
The chromosomes align in pairs in the
centre of the cell.

Random assortment occurs - this

means that chromosome pairs line up
randomly.
ANAPHASE 1
Chromosome pairs separate and move
to opposite ends of the cell.

This ensures each cell contains half the

number of chromosomes (haploid).
TELOPHASE 1
Two new nuclei form around each set
of chromosomes.

The cytoplasm splits and two (haploid)

daughter cells are formed.
PROPHASE 2
Phase 2 happens to allow 4 haploid
sex cells (sperm and egg cells) to be
created.

The chromosomes condense and the

nucleolus breaks in both cells.
METAPHASE 2
The chromosomes align single file in
the centre of the cell.

This occurs to ensure sister chromatids

separate in the next stage.
 ANAPHASE 2
Sister chromatids separate and
move to opposite ends of the cell.

This ensures the daughter cells remain haploid -

that means they have half the genetic material of
the original parent cell.
TELOPHASE 2
Four new nuclei form around each
set of chromosomes

The cytoplasms split and four (haploid)

daughter cells are formed.
 THE WHOLE PROCESS
PROPHASE
ANAPHASE
ANAPHASE
PROPHASE

METAPHASE
TELOPHASE TELOPHASE
METAPHASE

FIRST PHASE SECOND PHASE

GENETIC
TRAITS
INHERITANCE & VARIATION OF TRAITS
 WHAT IS A TRAIT?
A trait is an observable characteristic that is inherited (passed down) from
a living thing to its offspring. E.g:

eye color hair color tongue curling blood type

 HOW ARE TRAITS PASSED
DOWN?
Trait information is located
within an organism's genes. gene

Genes are a section of DNA

that is passed from parent to gene
child.
DNA trait
HOW ARE TRAITS PASSED
DOWN?
Genes (carrying trait information)
are passed to their offspring
ge
ne during reproduction.
s
WHAT IS REPRODUCTION?
Reproduction is the process of how living things
produce offspring (babies).
There are two main
reproductive methods:

SEXUA ASEXU
L AL
REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL
Offspring inherit half of their
trait information from one
parent, and half from the
other, making the offspring
genetically distinct.
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Examples of living things that reproduce sexually:
REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL
one
Reproduction only requires one nem
se aa
parent. Trait information from the
parent is passed down to the
offspring. The offspring is
therefore an exact copy of the
parent.
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Examples of living things that reproduce asexually:
TRAIT VARIATION Trait variation is the natural differences in traits
(observable characteristics and qualities) between
individuals of the same species.
For example, within a group
of cats, some may have green
eyes, others blue eyes. Some
might have long hair, others
short hair. Some cats may be
active, others are more laid-
back.
TRAIT VARIATIONS Trait differences between members of the same species
occurs in two main ways:

GENETIC ENVIRONME
VARIATION NTAL
VARIATION
TRAIT VARIATIONS GENETIC
VARIATION
In sexual reproduction, half of a mother's and half of
a father's genes are passed down to their offspring.
The genes that are passed down to individual
offspring will vary. This means that members of the
same species will look similar, but may have some
differences between individuals.
TRAIT VARIATIONS GENETIC
VARIATION
Example:
The puppies of the two parent
dogs are different colors. This
is because one puppy received
the trait information for hair
color from the mother, and the
other puppy from the father.
TRAIT VARIATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL
VARIATION
Environmental factors can influence the expression of
traits. For example:
• Climate and weather: rain, temperature
• Diet and nutrition
• Disease and parasites
• Exposure to toxins and pollutants
• Level of parental care
TRAIT VARIATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL
VARIATION
Example: alkaline more
acidic
soil soil
Hydrangea flowers will
change color, depending
on the acidity of the soil.

The environmental factor

is soil acidity.
IS TRAIT
VARIATIO
N A GOOD YES!
THING? Trait variation helps a species to adapt
to changes in their environment.
Thanks to trait variation, some
individuals may have traits that help
them better survive and reproduce in a
changing environment.
IS TRAIT EXAMPLE:
Scenario: a population of green lizards live in an
VARIATIO environment that includes green vegetation and
sandy soil.

N A GOOD Lizards with sandy or yellow coloration might be

better able to blend in with sandy habitats, while

THING? green lizards may blend in better with the green

vegetation. A variation in color within the population
can help the lizards to better camouflage themselves
in different environments, which can in turn help the
species to avoid predators and survive over time.
 REFLECTION QUESTIONS
• What is a trait your parents have passed down to you?

• If you have siblings, can you identify differences in

traits between yourselves?

• What environmental factors are different from your

parents growing up, and how might these influence
trait expression?
 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• Consult reliable sources and research a plant or animal that has traits inherited from its
parents. Draw, describe and label.

• Consult reliable sources and research an example of trait variation from within the same
species, caused by genetic factors. Draw, describe and label.
• Consult reliable sources and research an example of trait variation from within the same
species, caused by an environmental factor. Draw, describe and label.

• How does trait variation relate to the evolution of a living thing?

T h a n k
Yo u !
Prepared by:

DAISY RIZZA N. AGNES