LTE Radio Link Budget

ZTE University
Content

 LTE link budget overview

 LTE UL Link budget
 LTE DL Link Budget
 Cell radius and areas
The process of LTE network planning
Link budget input and output

Coverage Inputs
• Area to be covered
• Targeted service at cell edge
Coverage Outputs
• Indoor penetration level Link Budget
• Cell Range
RF Planning
Network Information •Legacy Site Reuse
• Incumbent network info •Number of Sites
• LTE Frequency
• LTE Maximum bandwidth
Normal Link budget requirements

•UL cell range

1 Request UL cell edge
throughput •DL throughput at cell range

2 Request DL cell edge

throughput
•DL cell range
•UL throughput at cell range

•UL cell range

3 Request UL and DL cell
edge throughput •DL cell range
•Limited link and cell range

4 Request fixed cell

radius
•UL cell edge throughput
•DL cell edge throughput
Link budget model

Request
Requestcell
cell Cell
Cellrange
range
edge throughput
edge throughput

Throughput
Throughputatat
Request
Requestcell
cellrange
range cell edge
cell edge
Shannon formula

C=W*log
C=W*log1010(1+S/N)
(1+S/N)

Coverage Capacity
Content

 LTE link budget overview

 LTE UL Link budget
 LTE DL Link Budget
 Cell radius and areas
UL Link budget process

Request
Requestcell
cell
edge throughput
edge throughput

Assign
AssignRB
RB##

TBS
TBS&&MCS
MCS

MIMO
MIMOConf.
Conf. SINR
SINR

Rx
Rxreceive
receivesensitivity
sensitivity

Interference
Interference Other
Other
MAPL
MAPL
margin
margin parameters
parameters

Cell
Cellrange
range
UL link budget Methodology

MAPL= Pmax––Receive
MAPL=Pmax Sensitivity––Losses
ReceiveSensitivity Losses––Margins
Margins+Gains
+Gains
UL Link budget

Request
Requestcell
celledge
edgeThroughput
Throughput

Rx
Rxreceive
receivesensitivity
sensitivity

Example
Exampleofof
512kbps
512kbpsand
andDense
Dense
urban
urbanarea
area
Glossary
 RB: Resource Block
 TBS: Transport Block Size
 MCS: Modulation & Coding Scheme
 SINR: Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio
 MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output
Assigned RB number

20kbps 64kbps 128kbps 256kbps 384kbps 512kbps 768kbps 1024kbps

RB 1 2 3 6 8 10 15 18
MCS 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 4
TBS 24 72 144 328 440 568 872 1288
Number of Resource Blocks
 For a given MCS the Transport Block Size (TBS) is
given different numbers of resource blocks

RB number

TBS Table
Modulation & Coding Scheme (MCS)
 This determines the Modulation
Order which in turn determines
the TBS Index.

MCS Table
TBS and MCS
 For 512kbps,If BLER=10%, TBS>568bit 512kbps
512kbps
10
10RB
RB

MCS

25
MCS vs RB
25
20
20
15
15
MCS
MCS33 10
10
5
5
0
0
512kpbs
512kpbs 1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

RB number
Assign RB number

-100
Receive Power
-105
SINR
-110
512kpbs
512kpbs
-115

-120

-125
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
RB number

10RB
10RBisisassigned
assigned
for 512kbps
for 512kbps
SINR
 SINR Target depends on:
 eNode-B equipment performance
 Radio conditions (multipath fading profile, mobile speed)
 Receive diversity (2-way by default or optional 4-way)
 Targeted data rate and quality of service
 The Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)
 Max allowed number of HARQ transmissions (Maximum of 4 on UL)
 HARQ BLER target (10% considered by default)
 Derived from link level simulations or better by equipment
measurements (lab or on-field measurements)
 SINR

MIMO
MIMOConf.1T2R MIMO
Conf.1T2R MIMOConf.1T4R
Conf.1T4R

MCS
MCS33
SINR:-1.79dB
SINR:-1.79dB
Assign RB number

RB number

64kbps 128kbps 256kbps 384kbps 512kbps 1024kbps

RB 2 4 7 8 10 17
MCS 2 1 2 3 3 4
SNR
target(1*2)dB -0.3 -2.28 -2.38 -1.63 -1.79 -1.19
SNR
target(1*4)dB -4.6 -6.1 -6.18 -5.46 -5.6 -4.96
Rx receive sensitivity

Own cell Request

signal SNR
NF

Noise Power

Reference
ReferenceSensitivity ＝Noise
Sensitivity＝ NoisePower+
Power+Noise
NoiseFigure
Figure+SNR
+SNR

Dense
DenseUrban
Urban
Thermal Noise

 Thermal noise power spectrum density

Noise
Noisepower
powerspectrum
spectrumdensity=k*T
density=k*T
Where
K ： Boltzmann constant——1.381×10-23 （ J/K)

T ： Kelvin temperature （K）

Assume T=290K （ 17 ℃ ） Noise power spectrum density)=-

174dBm/Hz
 Thermal noise power
Noise
Noisepower=
power=Noise
Noisepower
powerspectrum
spectrumdensity
density*Bandwidth
*Bandwidth
Assume bandwidth=20MHz ， Effective bandwidth =18MHz
Noise power (dB)=-174dBm/Hz+10log(18×106)
=-174+72.6=-101.4dBm
Receiver sensitivity

Reference
ReferenceSensitivity ＝NF
Sensitivity＝ NF+10log(No)
+10log(No)+10log(Bandwidth)
+10log(Bandwidth)+SNR
+SNR

Dense
Urban Suburban Rural Highway
Morph Urban
Cell Edge User Throughput kbps 512 512 384 128 256
Assign # Resource Blocks # 10 10 6 3 4
Used Bandwidth KHz 1800 1800 1080 540 720
eNode-B Noise Figure dB 3 3 3 3 3
No dBm/Hz -174.0 -174.0 -174.0 -174.0 -174.0
SINR Request dB -4.0 -3.8 -2.5 -2 -1.8
eNode-B Sensitivity dBm -112.4 -112.2 -113.2 -115.7 -114.2
UL interference margin

UL
ULinterference
interferencemargin
margin
UL Interference Margin

The Interference Margin is the interference rise over that of thermal noise due to
The Interference Margin is the interference rise over that of thermal noise due to
other
othercell
cellinterference
interference
Typical IM target considered in LTE link budgets is 3dB
Typical IM target considered in LTE link budgets is 3dB

Required Received Signal

Own cell
Request SINR
signal
Interference level

Other cell Interference

interference Margin

Noise
UL Interference Margin

30

25
Noise Rise (dB)

20

15
50% cell loa d
10 3dB Noise Rise
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Ce ll Lo a d (%)
eNode B antenna gain

eNode
eNodeBBantenna
antennagain
gain
eNode B antenna gain
 General antenna selection
recommend for 2 way receive

Antenna Gain is about 18dBi

Based
Basedon
onthe
theengineering
engineering
Antenna Gain is about 18dBi experience
experience
Horizontal Half-power Beam Width is about 65°
Horizontal Half-power Beam Width is about 65°
Vertical Half-power Beam Width is about 7°
Vertical Half-power Beam Width is about 7°
Adjust Electrical Down tilt is by hand or by optional RCU (Remote Control Unit)
Adjust Electrical Down tilt is by hand or by optional RCU (Remote Control Unit)
For the Polarization in dense urban, urban and suburban is X pol, rural areas can
For the Polarization in dense urban, urban and suburban is X pol, rural areas can
use
usevertical
verticalpol.
pol.

Some case to cover highway or railway, it

can select higher gain and narrower beam
width antenna, (for example 21dBi and
beam width is about 33°)
Four Antenna configuration way

Case1

Case2 Case3
Four Antenna configuration way

Case2
Four Antenna configuration way

Case3
Four Antenna configuration way

● ● ●

Link
Linklevel
level
simulaiton
simulaiton
Four Antenna configuration way

Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Highway

kbp
Cell Edge User Throughput 512 512 384 128 256
s
Num. of Tx antenna # 1 1 1 1 1
Num. of Rx antenna # 4 4 4 4 4
Assign # Resource Blocks # 10 10 6 3 4
MCS # 3 3 4 2 4
TBS bit 568 568 408 144 256
Case1 SINR Request dB -7.2 -7.0 -6.8 -6.5 -5.6
Case2 SINR Request dB -5.4 -4.5 -3.3 -4.4 -3.8
Case3 SINR Request dB -4.0 -3.8 -2.5 -2 -1.8

SINR
SINRRequest
Request
Four Antenna configuration way

Dense Coverage
Urban Suburban Rural Highway Coverage
Morph Urban

Case1 km 0.50 0.71 2.32 9.77 12.30

Case2 km 0.44 0.61 1.83 8.45 10.86
Case3 km 0.40 0.58 1.74 7.17 9.47

Dense urban, Urban and Suburban use Case3

Dense urban, Urban and Suburban use Case3
Rural and Highway can use Case2 if the situation permitted
Rural and Highway can use Case2 if the situation permitted
Cable & connector losses

Cable
Cable&&connector
connectorlosses
losses
Cable and connector loss

Each Connector
Insertion Loss typical 0.05dB

Connector
Connector
1/2 in
1/2 in
Jumper
Jumper
The
Theloss
lossdepend
dependonon
The
Theloss
lossless
less the length of cable
the length of cable
than 0.5dB
than 0.5dB
7/8in
7/8in
cable
cable
optical
optical
fiber Assume:
fiber
7/8in cable 50m
1/2in cable 6m+4 connecter

700MHz:2dB
700MHz:2dB
2.6GHz:4dB
2.6GHz:4dB
TMA gain

TMA
TMAgain
gain
TMA gain
 TMA also called Mast Head Antenna
Amplifier (MHA)
 Impact on link budget Jumper
 Reduces global Noise Figure Dual TMA Cable

 Compensate cable losses

Duplexer Duplexer
 The gain on link budget related
to: LNA LNA
Feeder
Duplexer Duplexer
 Cable loss
 eNode NF
Jumper
 TMA amplifier gain Cable
 TMA NF TX / RX TXdiv / RXdiv
 0.5 dB additional insertion loss on
DL
eNode-B
Shadowing margin

Shadowing
Shadowingmargin
margin
 Shadowing Margin

Shadowing
10 dB 8 dB 7 dB 6 dB
Standard Deviation
Cell Area Coverage
95% 90% 95% 90% 95% 90% 95% 90%
Probability
Cell Edge Coverage 87.7 77.7 86.2 75.1 84.9 73.3 83.9 70.9
Probability % % % % % % % %
11.7 7.7 8.7 5.4 7.2 4.3 5.9 3.3
Shadowing Margin
dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB

Dense urban, Urban and Suburban Shadowing Standard Deviation is 8dB

Dense urban, Urban and Suburban Shadowing Standard Deviation is 8dB
Rural and Highway Shadowing Standard Deviation is 6dB
Rural and Highway Shadowing Standard Deviation is 6dB
Handoff gain

Handoff
Handoffgain
gain
Hard handover Gain

The hard handover gain is the value to reduce the shadowing margin
The hard handover gain is the value to reduce the shadowing margin
The hard handover gain is related to handoff hysteresis thresholds, connection
The hard handover gain is related to handoff hysteresis thresholds, connection
delays,
delays,coverage
coverageprobability
probabilitytargets
targetsand
andshadowing
shadowingstandard
standarddeviations
deviations
The simulation result shows that the hard handover gain is about 2~4dB
The simulation result shows that the hard handover gain is about 2~4dB
Penetration and body loss

Penetration
Penetrationand
andbody
bodyloss
loss
Penetration loss

Penetration
Environment
Margin (dB)
Dense Urban – Deep Indoor 20
Urban - Indoor 17
Suburban - Indoor 14
Rural – In car 8

Related
Relatedwith
with
Operator’s
Operator’sstrategy
strategy
Body loss
 VoIP service ： 3dB
 Data service ： 0dB

Related
Relatedwith
with
service
service
UE gain and Tx power

UE
UEAntenna
Antennagain
gainand
andTx
Txpower
power
UL Link budget

MAPL= Pmax––Receive
MAPL=Pmax Sensitivity––Losses
ReceiveSensitivity Losses––Margins
Margins+Gains
+Gains

1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10

11
12
MAPL=12-1-2+3-4+5-6+7-8-9-10+11
MAPL=12-1-2+3-4+5-6+7-8-9-10+11
Propagation
Propagationmodel
model
Propagation model
 Cost231-Hata (UP to1.5GHz)
Path
PathLoss
Loss(dB)
(dB)==46.3
46.3++33.9
33.9xxlog (f)––13.82
log(f) 13.82xxlog(hb)–
log(hb)–a(hm)
a(hm)
+[44.9––6.55
+[44.9 6.55xxlog
log(hb)]
(hb)]xxlog
log(R)
(R)++Kc
Kc
 Okumura-Hata(150 MHz to 1500 MHz )
Path
PathLoss
Loss(dB)
(dB)==69.55
69.55++26.16
26.16xxlog (f)––13.82
log(f) 13.82xxlog(hb)–
log(hb)–a(hm)
a(hm)
+[44.9––6.55
+[44.9 6.55xxlog
log(hb)]
(hb)]xxlog
log(R)
(R)++Kc
Kc
Where ：
f = Frequency of Transmission （ MHz ）
hb =Base station Antenna Height ( m)

hm =UE Antenna Height (m) , 1.5m is normal.

R = Distance between the base and UE (km)
Kc = Morphology correction factor

a(hm) :Ant height correction factor = (1.1 x log (f) –0.7) x hm - (1.56 x log (f) –0.8)
Inter site distance and coverage area

Inter
Intersite
sitedistance
distanceand
andcoverage
coveragearea
area
UL Link budget
Content

 LTE link budget overview

 LTE UL Link budget
 LTE DL Link Budget
 Cell radius and areas
Different of UL and DL link budget

DL
DLcan
cannot
notuse
use
Required Received Signal
Own cell
signal Request same
sameLBLBmethod
method
Adjacent cell
SINR
With
WithUL
UL
interference

UL
UL Noise

DL
DL
DL link budget Methodology
 DL Link budget character
    

   

    

   
115.4833E 115.5000E 115.5167E

    

   

    
38.8167N

   
38.8167N

    

cell edge (dB)

   
I nt
Noise rise at
erf
l i m e ren
    

    i te c e
d
38.8000N

38.8000N

    


115.4833E

115.5000E

115.5167E

Noise
     limited
   

    
38.7833N

38.7833N

   

Assume: Dense urban cell range (km)

Adjacent site power load: 50%
Geometry factor at cell
edge :3dB
DL link budget approach

Cell
Cellrange
range

Other
Otherparameters
parameters MAPL
MAPL GGfactor
factor

MIMO
MIMOConf.
Conf. SINR
SINR Assign
AssignRB
RB##

MCS&TBS
MCS&TBS

Cell
Cell edge
edge
throughput
throughput

Throughput
Throughputatat
Request
Requestcell
cellrange
range cell edge
cell edge
DL Link budget

Request
Requestcell
cellrange
range
DL Link budget

MIMO
MIMOconfiguration
configuration

eNode
eNodeBBTx
TxPower
Power

Same
Samewith
withUL
UL
DL shadowing Margin
 Shadowing Margin on signal

Shadowing Standard Deviation 8 dB 6 dB

Cell Area Coverage Probability 95% 90% 95% 90%
Cell Edge Coverage Probability 86.2% 75.1% 83.9% 70.9%
Shadowing Margin 8.7 dB 5.4 dB 5.9 dB 3.3 dB

Shadowing
Shadowing 95%
95%signal
signal
STD
STD8dB
8dB margin
margin8.7dB
8.7dB
DL Link budget

Adjacent
Adjacentcell
cellpower
powerloading
loading
Adjacent Tx Power load

Assume:
Cell range : 500m
Geometry factor at cell edge :3dB
SINR at cell
edge (dB)

Adjacent cell Rx Power load(%)

Adjacent cell Rx Power load(%) 0 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

SINR @cell edge(dB) 7.24 4.11 2.31 1.04 0.06 -0.74 -1.42 -2.00 -2.52 -2.98 -3.39
DL Link budget

Geometry
Geometryat
atcell
celledge
edge
 Geometry factor
Not
Notrelated
relatedtoto
ISD
ISD
Rx PowerServing Site
Geometry 
 Rx Power
All
Adjacent Site

System
Systemlevel
level
simulation
simulation 8
19 9
18 2 10
7 3
17 11
1 4
6
16 5 12
15 13 5%CDF is cell edge
14 G factor is -3dB
DL Link budget

SINR
SINRat
atcell
celledge
edge
SINR

Interference
limited

N
SINR at cell l im oi s e
edge (dB) i te
d

Assume:
Adjacent site power load: 50%
Geometry factor at cell edge :3dB Dense urban cell range (km)
DL Link budget

DL
DLthroughput
throughputat
atcell
celledge
edge
DL Link budget

2T02R SFBC RB20 CFI1 SCME UrbanMicro 3km/hr Pol 3.3GHz

10

MCS0
MCS1
-1 MCS3
10
BLER
BLER>=7%
>=7% MCS5
MCS7
MCS9
MCS12
BLER

-2
10 MCS14
MCS16
MCS18
MCS20
-3 MCS22
10
MCS25
MCS27
MCS28

-4
10
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
SNR(dB)
SINR
SINR>=-0.22dB
>=-0.22dB
DL Link budget

100
100RB
RB

MCS
MCS55

Throughput=
Throughput=TBS/TTI*(1-BLER)
TBS/TTI*(1-BLER)
DL Link budget
DL Link budget approach
Request
Requestcell
cell
edge throughput
edge throughput

Assign
AssignRB
RB##

TBS&
TBS&MCS
MCS

MIMO
MIMOConf.
Conf. SINR
SINR

MAPL Other
Other
MAPL parameters
parameters

Cell
Cellrange
range

Request
Requestcell
cell Cell
Cellrange
range
edge
edgethroughput
throughput
DL Link budget

How
Howto
toget
getAssign
Assign##RB?
RB?

 1  SINRT arg et G AtCellEdge 

EIRP  1  SINRT arg et G AtCellEdge 
TxPower
TxPowerEIRP
Pathloss 
AtCellEdge 
PathlossAtCellEdge
SINRT Targargetet NoisePower
SINR NoisePower
Content

 LTE link budget overview

 LTE UL Link budget
 LTE DL Link Budget
 Cell radius and areas
Limited link

UL
ULcell
cellradius
radius DL
DLcell
cellradius
radius

Cell
Cellradius Cell
based
radius Cellradius
radius
based oncoverage
on coverage based
based oncapacity
on capacity

Final
Finalcell
cellradius
radius
Cell range and inter site distance

S3Sector=1.95*R2
SOmin=2.60*R2