CoSc 265

Fundamental of Database
management System

Instructor: Welde Janfa

 Outline
1. Overview
2. Basics of Databases
○ Basic Definitions

Chapter One ○ Typical DBMS Functionality

○ Example of a Database
(UNIVERSITY)
3. File organization verses Database approach
Introduction to Databases and ○ File Organization approach
Database Users ○ Database approach
○ Main Characteristics of the Database
Approach
○ Advantages of Using the Database
Approach
○ Types of Databases and Database
Applications
4. Users and actors of Database Systems
○ Types of Database Users
Introduction to Databases

Overview
Introduction to
Databases
Overview
Introduction to
Databases
Overview
 Basic Definitions
● Data:
○ Known facts that can be recorded and have an
implicit meaning.
● Database:
○ A collection of related data.
Database and Database ● Mini-world:
○ Some part of the real world about which data
System is stored in a database.
■ For example, student grades and
transcripts at a university.
● Database Management System (DBMS):
○ A software package/system to facilitate the
creation and maintenance of a computerized
database.
● Database System:
○ The DBMS software together with the data
itself. Sometimes, the applications are also
included.

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Database
A database has the following
implicit properties:
● represents some aspect of the
real world, sometimes called the
mini-world.
● is a logically coherent collection
of data with some inherent
meaning.
● is designed, built, and populated
with data for a specific purpose.
● has an intended group of users
and some preconceived
applications in which these
users are interested.
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Database

Impact of Databases
and Database
Technology

8
Simplified database
system environment

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 ● Define a particular database in terms of
its data types, structures, and constraints
● Construct or load the initial database
contents on a secondary storage medium
● Manipulating the database:
What a DBMS ○ Retrieval: Querying, generating reports

Facilitates ○ Modification: Insertions, deletions and

updates to its content
○ Accessing the database through Web
applications
● Processing and sharing by a set of
concurrent users and application
programs – yet, keeping all data valid and
consistent
● Protection or Security measures to
prevent unauthorized access
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 ● Backend for traditional “database”
applications
● Backend for large Websites
● Backend for Web services

Where are RDBMS How it works?

Application Programs and DBMS
used ? Applications interact with a database by
generating
- Queries: that access different
parts of data and formulate the
result of a request
- Transactions: that may read
some data and “update” certain
values or generate new data
and store that in the database

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 ● Mini-world for the example
○ Part of a UNIVERSITY environment
● Some mini-world entities
○ STUDENTs
○ COURSEs
Example of a ○ SECTIONs (of COURSEs)
Database ○ (Academic) DEPARTMENTs
○ INSTRUCTORs
● Some mini-world relationships
○ SECTIONs are of specific COURSEs
○ STUDENTs take SECTIONs
○ COURSEs have prerequisite
COURSEs
○ INSTRUCTORs teach SECTIONs
○ COURSEs are offered by
DEPARTMENTs
○ STUDENTs major in
DEPARTMENTs
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Example of a
Simple
Database

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 ● File Organization
a.an early attempt to computerize the
manual filing system.
b. A collection application programs
that perform services for the end-
File Organization users.
c.Each program defines and manages
vs. its data.
d.However, five types of problem are
Database Approach occurred in using the file-based
approach:
1.Separation and isolation of data
2.Redundancy or Duplication of data
3.Data dependence
4.Incompatible file formats

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 ● In order to overcome the
limitations of the file-based
approach, the concept of
database and the Database
Management System
Database Approach (DBMS) was emerged in
60s.
● Database management
software is used to
organize an organization or
individual data.
● The database approach
addresses many of the
weaknesses associated
with file processing
systems data 15
 ● Reduced Data Redundancy
○ Most data items are stored in only one file,
● Improved Data Integrity
○ When users modify data in the database, they
make changes to one file instead of multiple
files.
● Shared Data

Advantage of ● Easier Access

○ allows nontechnical users to access and
maintain data
Database Approach ● Reduced Development Time
○ It often is easier and faster to develop programs
that use the database approach.
● Improved security
● Enforcement of standards
○ Allow to enforces the necessary standards
● Balance of conflicting requirements
● Improved data accessibility and
responsiveness
● Availability of current information
● Providing multiple interfaces to different classes of
users 16
 In split of a large number of
advantages, it has disadvantage
such as listed below
● Complexity

Disadvantage of Database management system is an

extremely complex piece of software.
● Size
Database Approach ○ substantial amount of main memory and
large number of disk space is required.
● Cost of DBMS
○ Licence cost, training cost
● Performance
● Higher impact of a failure
○ The database approach increases the
vulnerability of the system due to the
centralization.,

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 ● Self-describing nature of a database
system:
○ The description is called meta-data*.
● Insulation between programs and data:
○ Called program-data independence.
○ Allows changing data structures and
storage organization without having to
change the DBMS access programs
Main Characteristics of ● Data Abstraction:
○ A data model is used to hide storage
the Database Approach details and present the users with a
conceptual view of the database.
○ Programs refer to the data model
constructs rather than data storage
details

● Support of multiple views of the data:

○ Each user may see a different view of
the database,
● Sharing of data and multi-user transaction
processing: 18
 ● Users may be divided into
○ Those who actually use and control the
database content, and those who design,
develop and maintain database
applications (called “Actors on the
Database Users Scene”), and
○ Those who design and develop the
DBMS software and related tools, and
the computer systems operators (called
“Workers Behind the Scene”).

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 ● Database administrators:
■ Administering the database and the DBMS
● Database designers:
■ Responsible to define the content, the structure,
the constraints, and functions or transactions
against the database.
Database Users – ● End-users:
○ use the data for queries, reports and some of
Actors on the Scene them update the database content. :
■ Casual: access database occasionally
when needed
■ Naïve or Parametric: they make up a
large section of the end-user population.
■ Sophisticated: include business
analysts, scientists, engineers,
■ Stand-alone: Mostly maintain personal
databases using ready-to-use packaged
applications.
● System Analysts and Application Developers
○ System Analysts
○ Application Programmers
○ Business Analysts
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 ● System Designers and
Implementers:
◦ Design and implement DBMS
packages in the form of modules
and interfaces and test and debug
them.
● Tool Developers:
Database Users – Workers ◦ Design and implement software
systems called tools for modeling
behind the Scene and designing databases,
performance monitoring,
prototyping, test data generation,
user interface creation, simulation
etc.
● Operators and Maintenance
Personnel:
◦ They manage the actual running
and maintenance of the database
system hardware and software
environment.
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End of Chapter
One