Structural Design of Foundations

Overview
Shallow type of Foundations
 Isolated foundations
 Combined foundations
 Strap foundations
 Eccentric foundations, with Large Moments
 Raft foundation
 CLASSIFICATION OF FOUNDATIONS

(I ) ISOLATED FOUNDATIONS

(a) Pad footing (b) Tapered footing

 CLASSIFICATION OF FOUNDATIONS

(I I) COMBINED FOUNDATIONS (I II) RAFT FOUNDATIONS

 CLASSIFICATION OF FOUNDATIONS

(I V) STRAP FOUNDATIONS ( V) DEEP FOUNDATIONS

Design Steps for foundations:

1. Reading Geotechnical reports.

2. Generate Load combinations for foundation design.
3. Importing support reaction forces from STAAD pro.
4. Define Governing Load combination.
5. Selecting appropriate foundation type.
6. Stability checks: Bearing ,Overturning, sliding, Uplift.
7. Reinforced concrete design for foundations.
8. Foundations with large moments/Eccentric type.
9. Design Examples: Raft foundation, Strap footings ,
Combined foundations.
10. Design calculations.
BASIC ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Fs (Sliding force )
F (Axial force )
GROUND LEVEL

M (Moment)
D (DEPTH OF
FOUNDATION )

SECTION OF A ISOLATED FOUNDATION

 Y - axis

LENGTH, L Mx= e(y) x F

e(y)=Mx / F
Mx
e(y) My= e(x) x F
X - axis
WIDTH, B e(x) e(x)=My / F

e(y) : Eccentricity in Y
direction.
e(x) : Eccentricity in X
My direction.
FOUNDATION PLAN
 F (Axial force )
GROUND LEVEL

M (Moment)
D (DEPTH OF
FOUNDATION )

BASE PRESSURE FROM (A) BASE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION DUE TO AXIAL

SOIL , FORCE , F
P=F/A ,
(Where A is Plan
Area of footing)
(B) BASE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION DUE TO
MOMENT , M

(C) COMBINED BASE PRESSURE DUE TO AXIAL

FORCE & MOMENT = A+B
 F (Axial force )
GROUND LEVEL

M (Moment)
D (DEPTH OF
FOUNDATION )

BASE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION DUE TO

EXCESSIVE MOMENT / LAREGE ECCENTRICITY
TENSION ZONE
(UNDESIRABLE)
 CALCULATION OF BASE PRESSURE FROM SOIL DUE TO
MOMENT, M

Combined Soil Base pressure due to Moments along both axis,(Mx & My)= Mx/
Zx + My/ Zy

LENGTH, L

Total Soil Base pressure due to Moments &

Axial forces= F/A +Mx/ Zx + My/ Zy
X - axis
Mx
WIDTH, B

My
Y - axis
MAXIMUM & MINIMUM BASE PRESSURE FROM SOIL
ON FOUNDATION :

MAXIMUM BASE PRESSURE P1=(F/A + Mx/ Zx + My/ Zy) ,

MINIMUM BASE PRESSURE P3=(F/A - Mx/ Zx - My/ Zy)

FOR FOUNDATION STABILITY:

1.) MAXIMUM BASE PRESSURE MUST BE LESSER OR EQUAL
TO SAFE BEARING CAPACITY, ( P1<= S.B.C.)
2.) MINIMUM BASE PRESSUE MUST NOT BE LESSER THAN
ZERO i.e. IT MUST NOT BE NEGATIVE, (P3 < 0)
UPLIFT PRESSURE CORRECTION TO BASE PRESSURE
FROM SOIL ON FOUNDATION :

MAXIMUM BASE PRESSURE P1=(F/A + Mx/ Zx + My/ Zy)

MINIMUM BASE PRESSURE P3=(F/A - Mx/ Zx - My/ Zy) – Pw
(WHERE Pw IS UPLIFT PRESSURE DUE TO GROUND WATER TABLE)

FOR FOUNDATION STABILITY:

1.) MAXIMUM BASE PRESSURE MUST BE LESSER OR EQUAL
TO SAFE BEARING CAPACITY, ( P1<= S.B.C.)
2.) MINIMUM BASE PRESSUE MUST NOT BE LESSER THAN
ZERO i.e. IT MUST NOT BE NEGATIVE, (P3 < 0)
STABILITY CHECKS ON FOUNDATION :

1.) SLIDING
2.) OVERTURNING
3.) UPLIFT