CONCENTRATIO

N
EXPRESSIONS
Experiment 1
A pharmacist
is often required to
perform or evaluate a
variety of calculations
 Let’s start first
with the basics…
Ratio and Proportion
If looking for A?
𝐴 𝐶
¿
𝐵 𝐷
𝐴𝐷= 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐷 𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶
¿ 𝐴=
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷

𝐴𝐷= 𝐵𝐶 If looking for C?

Place them in a
𝐴𝐷= 𝐵𝐶
linear equation
𝐴𝐷 𝐵𝐶 𝐶=
𝐴𝐷
¿ 𝐵
𝐵 𝐵
Ratio and Proportion

𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 If looking for C?
𝐴= ¿
𝐶 1 𝐶
𝐴𝐶= 𝐵
𝐴𝐶 𝐵
𝐴𝐶=𝐵(1) ¿
𝐴 𝐴
𝐴𝐶= 𝐵 𝐵
𝐶=
𝐴
 Expression
Molarity (temperature-
dependent)
Normality (temperature-
dependent)
Molality (temperature-
independent)
Mole fraction
X1 = n1/(n1 + n2), X2 = n2/(n1 + n2)
X1 + X2 = 1
Mole percent
Percent by weight
(temperature-independent)
Percent by volume
(temperature-dependent)
Percent by weight in volume
(temperature-dependent)
Milligrams per deciliter
(temperature-dependent)
Osmolality (temperature-
independent)
Osmolarity (temperature-
dependent)
Symbol Definition
M, c, C, [ ] Moles (gram molecular weight) of solute in 1 L of solution, also
millimoles/mL (mM)
N Equivalents (gram equivalent weights) of solute in 1L of solution, also
mEq/mL
M Moles of solute in 1000 g of solvent
X Ratio of the moles of one constituent (e.g., the solute n2) of a solution
X1 = solvent to the total moles of all constituents (solute and solvent n2 + n1)
X2 = solute
X2 x 100 Moles of one constituent in 100 moles of the solution; mole percent
is obtained by multiplying mole fraction by 100
% w/w Grams of solute in 100 g of solution
% v/v Milliliters of solute in 100 mL of solution
% w/v Grams of solute in 100 mL of solution
mg/dL Milligrams of solute in 100 mL of solution
mOsmol/kg The mass of the solute that, when dissolved in 1 kg of water, will
exert an osmotic pressure equal to that exerted by a gram molecular
weight of an ideal unionized substance dissolved in 1 kg of water
mOsmol/L The mass of solute that, when dissolved in 1 L of solution, will exert
an osmotic pressure equal to that exerted by a gram molecular
weight of an ideal unionized substance dissolved in 1 L of solution
OVERVIEW OF EXERCISE 1
Concentration expressions:
o Mole (n) and millimoles
o Molarity (M)
o Molality (m)
Electrolytic solutions
o Milliequivalents (mEq)
o Normality (N)
o Milliosmoles (mOsm)
o Mole fraction (X)
o Mole percent
o Percentage expressions
MOLES (n) and MILLIMOLES

Formulas:
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 ( 𝑔 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡

Millimoles = moles x 1000

 Solutions = solute + solvent

Solute – the one

being dissolved

Solvent – the one

that dissolves
 MOLES (n) and MILLIMOLES
Sample problems:
1. What is the mole and millimole of a 50 g of NaCl?
(MW of NaCl = 58.5 g/mol)

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 ( 𝑔 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠= Millimoles = moles x 1000
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡
Millimoles = 0.855 mol x 1000
50 𝑔
𝑙𝑒 𝑠= ¿𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒐𝒍
58.5 𝑔 /𝑚𝑜𝑙 Millimoles = 855 mmol
 MOLES (n) and MILLIMOLES
Sample problems:
2. How many millimoles of monobasic sodium
phosphate (NaH2PO4 ~ M.W. = 138 g/mol) are
present in 100 g of the substance?
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 ( 𝑔 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠= Millimoles = moles x 1000
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡
Millimoles = 0.725 mol x 1000
100 𝑔
𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠= ¿𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒐𝒍
138 𝑔 /𝑚𝑜𝑙 Millimoles = 725 mmol
 MOLARITY
• Moles (gram molecular weight) of
solute in 1 L of solution; also can be
expressed as millimoles/mL (mM).

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 (𝑛 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝐿𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 MOLARITY
Sample problems:
1. What is the molarity (M) of 5.30 g of Na2CO3 dissolved in
400 mL of solution?

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 (𝑛 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝐿𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Number of moles?
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 ( 𝑔 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡
5.30 𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
𝑀𝑊
MW of Na2CO3 = 106 g/mol
 MOLARITY
Sample problems:
1. What is the molarity (M) of 5.30 g of Na2CO3 dissolved in
400 mL of solution?

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 (𝑛 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝐿𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
0.05 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Number of moles? 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 ( 𝑔 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡
1𝐿
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
5.30 𝑔
¿𝑔𝟎 . 𝟎𝟓 𝐦𝐨𝐥 400 𝑚𝐿 𝑥 ¿𝟎.𝟒𝐋
1000𝑚𝐿
106
𝑚𝑜𝑙
MW of Na2CO3 = 106 g/mol
 MOLARITY
Sample problems:
1. What is the molarity (M) of 5.30 g of Na2CO3 dissolved in
400 mL of solution?

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 (𝑛 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝐿𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
0.05 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Number of moles? 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
0.4 . 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝐌
¿ 𝟎𝐿
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 ( 𝑔 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡
1𝐿
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
5.30 𝑔
¿𝑔𝟎 . 𝟎𝟓 𝐦𝐨𝐥 400 𝑚𝐿 𝑥 ¿𝟎.𝟒𝐋
1000𝑚𝐿
106
𝑚𝑜𝑙
MW of Na2CO3 = 106 g/mol
 MOLARITY
Sample problems:
2. What weight (in grams) of H2SO4 would be needed to make
750 mL of 2M solution?

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 (𝑛 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠= 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 ( 𝑔 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡
𝐿𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
MW of H2SO4 = 98 g/mol
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠=𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 =2 𝑀 𝑥 0.75¿𝟏.𝟓 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬
𝐿 𝑤𝑡 . 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒=( 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 ) ( 𝑀𝑊 )
1𝐿 𝑤𝑡 . 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒=( 1.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 ) (98 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙)
750 𝑚𝐿 𝑥 ¿ 𝟎 . 𝟕𝟓 𝐋
1000 𝑚𝐿 wt . of solute=𝟏𝟒𝟕 𝐠𝐨𝐟 H 2SO 4
 MOLALITY
• Moles of solute (gram
molecular weight) in 1000 g of
solvent

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠(𝑛)𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
 MOLALITY
Sample problems:
1. A sulfuric acid solution containing 571.4 g of H2SO4 per
liter of solution has a density of 1.329 g/mL. Calculate the
molality of H2SO4 in this solution.

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠(𝑛)𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 5.83 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Number of moles?
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 ( 𝑔 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡
571.4 𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
98
𝑔¿𝟓. 𝟖𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐥
𝑚𝑜𝑙
 MOLALITY
Sample problems:
1. A sulfuric acid solution containing 571.4 g of H2SO4 per
liter of solution has a density of 1.329 g/mL. Calculate the
molality of H2SO4 in this solution.

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠(𝑛)𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 5.83 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Number of moles? 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 )=𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛− 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝐷 𝑒 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 ( 𝑔 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 )=1329 𝑔−571.4 𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠=𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 )=𝟕𝟓𝟕 .𝟔 𝒈
571.4 𝑔 𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
𝑔¿𝟓. 𝟖𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠=1.329
𝑚𝐿
𝑥 1000 𝑚𝐿 𝟎.𝟕𝟓𝟕𝟔𝒌𝒈
98
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ¿ 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟗 𝒈
𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑒𝑡 …
 MOLALITY
Sample problems:
1. A sulfuric acid solution containing 571.4 g of H2SO4 per
liter of solution has a density of 1.329 g/mL. Calculate the
molality of H2SO4 in this solution.

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠(𝑛)𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 5.83 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ¿ 𝟕 . 𝟕𝟎 𝐦
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 0.7576 𝑘𝑔
Number of moles? 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 )=𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛− 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝐷 𝑒 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 ( 𝑔 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 )=1329 𝑔−571.4 𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠=𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 )=𝟕𝟓𝟕 .𝟔 𝒈
571.4 𝑔 𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
𝑔¿𝟓. 𝟖𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠=1.329
𝑚𝐿
𝑥 1000 𝑚𝐿 𝟎.𝟕𝟓𝟕𝟔𝒌𝒈
98
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ¿ 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟗 𝒈
 MOLALITY
Sample problems:
2. Stock potassium chloride solution is 26.5 % w/v KCl and
has a density of 1.35 g/mL. What is the molality of this
solution?
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠(𝑛)𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 0.36 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦= 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Number of moles? 26.5 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 )=𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛− 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 ( 𝑔 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 26.5 % 𝑤/𝑣 = 100 𝑚𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 )=135 𝑔 −26.5 𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
26.5 𝑔
𝐷 𝑒 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 )=𝟏𝟎𝟖 .𝟓 𝒈
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑔¿𝟎.𝟑𝟔 𝐦𝐨𝐥
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
𝟎.𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟓𝒌𝒈
74
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠=𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑔
MW of KCl = 74 g/mol
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠=1.35
𝑚𝐿
¿ 𝟏𝟑𝟓
𝑥 100 𝑚𝐿 𝐠𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑒𝑡 …
 MOLALITY
Sample problems:
2. Stock potassium chloride solution is 26.5 % w/v KCl and
has a density of 1.35 g/mL. What is the molality of this
solution?
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠(𝑛)𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 0.36 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦=
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ¿ 𝟑 . 𝟑𝟐 𝐦
0.1085 𝑘𝑔
Number of moles? 26.5 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 )=𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛− 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 ( 𝑔 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 26.5 % 𝑤/𝑣 = 100 𝑚𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 )=135 𝑔 −26.5 𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
26.5 𝑔
𝐷 𝑒 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 )=𝟏𝟎𝟖 .𝟓 𝒈
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑔¿𝟎.𝟑𝟔 𝐦𝐨𝐥
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
𝟎.𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟓𝒌𝒈
74
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠=𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑔
MW of KCl = 74 g/mol
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠=1.35
𝑚𝐿
¿ 𝟏𝟑𝟓
𝑥 100 𝑚𝐿 𝐠
NORMALITY
• A unit of concentration of a chemical solution
expressed as gram equivalent weight of solute per
liter of solution.

• Common units of normality include: N, Eq/L

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑋 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑁 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦=
𝐿𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦= 𝑀 𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑋 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
NORMALITY FACTORS
• With respect to acid: the equivalent weight (EW) is
the amount of acid that can furnish 1.008g of
hydrogen ion (i.e. 1 H+)

• With respect to bases: the EW is the amount of

base that can furnish 17.008g of hydroxide ion (i.e. 1
OH-)

• With respect to salts: total positive ionic charge

 NORMALITY
Sample problems:
1. Find the normality of a 0.50 g of sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3) in a 250-mL solution.

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑋 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 0.005𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑋 𝟐

𝑁 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦= 𝑁 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝐿𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Number of moles? 1𝐿
250 𝑚𝐿 𝑥 ¿ 𝟎 . 𝟐𝟓 𝐋
1000 𝑚𝐿
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 ( 𝑔 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡
0.50 𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
𝑔 ¿𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓𝒎𝒐𝒍
106
𝑚𝑜𝑙
MW of Na2CO3 = 106 g/mol
 NORMALITY
Sample problems:
1. Find the normality of a 0.50 g of sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3) in a 250-mL solution.

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑋 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 0.005𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑋 𝟐

𝑁 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦= 𝑁 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ¿ 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟒 𝐍
0.25 𝐿
𝐿𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Number of moles? 1𝐿
250 𝑚𝐿 𝑥 ¿ 𝟎 . 𝟐𝟓 𝐋
1000 𝑚𝐿
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 ( 𝑔 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡
0.50 𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
𝑔 ¿𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓𝒎𝒐𝒍
106
𝑚𝑜𝑙
MW of Na2CO3 = 106 g/mol
MOLE FRACTION

• Ratio of the moles of one constituent (e.g., the solute

n1) of a solution to the total moles of all constituents
(solute and solvent n1 + n2)
• Simply, the mole of the target substance divided by
the total moles of the
n 1 solution. X 2= n 2 ¿
Formulas: X 1=
( n1 + n2¿
¿ ( n1 + n2¿

Note: X1 + X2 = 1 where X1 (is the solute) and X2 (is for the solvent)
 MOLE FRACTION

Sample problems:
1. A 100 mole of NaCl is dissolved into 100 g of pure H2O.
What is the mole fraction of the solute (NaCl)? What is the
mole fraction of the pure water (H2O)?

n1
X 1= ¿
( n1 + n2¿
 MOLE FRACTION

Sample problems:
1. A 100 mole of NaCl is dissolved into 100 g of pure H2O.
What is the mole fraction of the solute (NaCl)? What is the
mole fraction of the pure water (H2O)?

n1
X 1= ¿
( n1 + n2¿
100 mol
X 1= ¿
( 100 mol + n 2 ¿
𝑔 100 𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠= ¿ 𝟓 . 𝟓𝟔 𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑀 𝑊¿ 18 𝑔 /𝑚𝑜𝑙
 MOLE FRACTION

Sample problems:
1. A 100 mole of NaCl is dissolved into 100 g of pure H2O.
What is the mole fraction of the solute (NaCl)? What is the
mole fraction of the pure water (H2O)?

n1
X 1= ¿
( n1 + n2¿
100 mol
X 1= ¿𝟎 ¿ . 𝟗𝟓
(100 mol + 5.56 mol ¿
𝑔 100 𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
𝑀 𝑊¿ 18 𝑔 /𝑚𝑜𝑙
¿ 𝟓 . 𝟓𝟔 𝒎𝒐𝒍
 MOLE FRACTION

Sample problems:
1. A 100 mole of NaCl is dissolved into 100 g of pure H2O.
What is the mole fraction of the solute (NaCl)? What is the
mole fraction of the pure water (H2O)?

n1 n2
X 1= ¿ X 2= ¿
( n1 + n2¿ ( n1 + n2¿
100 mol 5.56 m 𝑜𝑙
X 1= ¿𝟎 ¿ . 𝟗𝟓 X 2= ¿ 𝟎¿ . 𝟎𝟓
(100 mol + 5.56 mol ¿ ( 100 mol + 5.56 mol ¿
𝑔 100 𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠=
𝑀 𝑊¿ 18 𝑔 /𝑚𝑜𝑙
¿ 𝟓 . 𝟓𝟔 𝒎𝒐𝒍
1
1
 MOLE FRACTION

Sample problems:
2. A solution is prepared by mixing 25 g of water (H2O) and
25 g of ethanol (C2H5OH). Determine the mole fractions of
each substance.

𝑔 n1 n2
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠= X 1= ¿ X 2= ¿
𝑀𝑊 ( n1 + n2¿ ( n1 + n2¿
25 𝑔 0.54 mol 1.39 mol
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠= ¿ 𝟏 . 𝟑𝟗 𝒎𝒐𝒍 X 1= X¿ 2=
( 1.39 mol + 0.54 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ¿
¿
18 𝑔 /𝑚𝑜𝑙 (1.39 mol + 0.54 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ¿
25 𝑔 X 1 =𝟎 . 𝟐𝟖 X 2 =𝟎 . 𝟕𝟐
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠= ¿ 𝟎
46 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
. 𝟓𝟒 𝒎𝒐𝒍
1
MW of C2H5OH = 46 g/mol 1
 MOLE FRACTION

Sample problems:

The molality of an aqueous solution of sugar

(C12H22O11) is 1.62 m. Calculate the mole fractions of
sugar and water.

Solve on your own 

MOLE PERCENT

Mole percent is obtained by multiplying mole

fraction by 100.

%= 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛( 𝑋 ) 𝑥 100

Formula:

where X = represents the mole fraction of the constituent

MILLIGRAMS PER DECILITER
• Unit: mg/dL
• Milligrams of solute in 100 mL of
solution

Sample problems:
1. Express 0.50 g/L in mg/dL 2. Express 0.9% NaCl in mg/dL
𝒎𝒈 𝒎𝒈
¿ 𝟓𝟎 ¿ 𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝑳 𝒅𝑳
ELECTROLYTIC
SOLUTIONS
MILLIEQUIVALENTS
o Electrolyte solutions contain
species (electrolytes) that
dissociate into ions.

o The milliequivalent (mEq) is the

unit most frequently used to
express the concentration of
electrolytes in solution.
MILLIEQUIVALENTS
• A unit of measure that is related to the total number
of ionic charges in solution, and it takes note of the
valence of the ions.

𝑚𝑔 𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝐸𝑞 𝑥 𝑀𝑊
𝑚𝐸𝑞= 𝑚𝑔=
𝑀𝑊 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
• A unit of measurement of the amount of chemical
entity of an electrolyte.
 MILLIEQUIVALENTS
Valence = is the total positive charge
+1
𝑚𝑔 𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 NaCl-1 Valence = 1
𝑚𝐸𝑞=
𝑀𝑊 +1
H2SO4-2 Valence = 2
+2
𝑚𝐸𝑞 𝑥 𝑀𝑊 Valence = 2
𝑚𝑔= CaCl 2
-1

𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 +3
Valence = 6
Al2O3-2
+1 Valence = 3
H3PO4-3
 MILLIEQUIVALENT
S
Sample problems:
1. A pharmacist prepares 1 gallon of KCl solution by mixing
565 g of KCl in an appropriate vehicle. How many
milliequivalents of K+ are in 15 mL of this solution?

𝑚𝑔 𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 565,000 mg x 1
𝑚𝐸𝑞= 𝑚𝐸𝑞= = 7,635.14 mEq
𝑀𝑊 74 g / mol
KCl = 74 g/mol 1 gallon = 3785 mL
7,635.14 mEq x mEq
1000 mg ¿
565 g x = 565,000 mg 3 , 785 mL 1 5 mL
1g ( 7,635.14 mEq )(15 mL )
x mEq= = 30 mEq
3785 mL
 MILLIEQUIVALENT
S
Sample problems:
2. What is the concentration, in grams per milliliter, of a
solution containing 4 mEq of calcium chloride (CaCl 2 .
2H2O) per milliliter?

𝑚𝐸𝑞 𝑥 𝑀𝑊 1 g
𝑚𝑔= 292 mgx = 0.292 g
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 1000 mg
CaCl2 . 2H2O = 146 g/mol = 0.292 g/mL

4 mEq 𝑥 146 g / mol

𝑚𝑔= = 292 mg/mL
2
 MILLIEQUIVALENT
S
Sample problems:
3.What is the percent weight-per-volume (%w/v)
concentration of a solution containing 100 mEq of
ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) per liter? The molecular
weight of NH4Cl is 53.5 g/mol.
𝑚𝐸𝑞 𝑥 𝑀𝑊 = 0.535 %w/v
𝑚𝑔= % w/v = g/100 mL
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
5,350 mg x mg
NH4Cl = 53.5 g/mol ¿
1000 mL 100 mL
100 mEq / L 𝑥 53.5 g / mol (5,350 mg )(1 00 mL )
𝑚𝑔= x mg= = 535 mg
1 1000 mL
1 g
= 5,350 mg/L x
535 mg = 0.535 g /100 mL
1000 mg
 MILLIEQUIVALENT
S
Sample problems:

How many milliequivalents of Na would be contained in a 30-

mL dose of the following solutions?

Disodium hydrogen phosphate (MW = 268) 18 g

Sodium biphosphate (MW = 138) 48 g
Purified water ad 100 mL

Solve on your own 

OSMOLARITY AND MILLIOSMOLES

• Osmotic pressure = proportional to the total number

of particles in solution.
• Unit used to measure osmotic concentration is
mOsmol

• Osmolarity is defined as the milliosmoles of solute

per L of solution
mOsmol/L
OSMOLARITY AND MILLIOSMOLES

mOsmol/L

o Species = total number of particles in the solution

(depends on the degree of dissociation)
OSMOLARITY AND MILLIOSMOLES

o Number of species = total number of particles in the

solution (depends on the degree of dissociation)

o Non-electrolytes (ex. sugars) # of species: 1

# of species: 2
o NaCl  Na+ + Cl-

# of species: 3
o CaCl2  Ca2+ + 2Cl-

# of species: 5
o Al2O3  2Al3+ + 3O-2
 MILLIOSMOLE
S
Sample problems:
1.A solution contains 5% anhydrous dextrose in water for
injection. How many milliosmoles per liter are represented
by this concentration?

mOsmol/L

C6H12O6 = 180 g/mol 5 g x g

5 %= ¿
100 mL 1000 mL
# of species = 1
( 5 g )(1 000 mL )
x g= = 50 g
mOsmol/L 100 mL

= 277.78 mOsm/L
 MILLIOSMOLE
S
Sample problems:
2.How many milliosmoles are represented in a liter of a 0.9%
sodium chloride (NaCl) solution?

mOsmol/L

NaCl = 58 g/mol 0.9 g x g

0.9 %= ¿
# of species = 2 100 mL 1000 mL
( 0.9 g )(1000 mL )
x g= =9g
mOsmol/L 100 mL

= 310.34 mOsm/L
 MILLIOSMOLE
S
Sample problems:

Calculate the milliosmoles of sodium chloride

in 100 mL of a 3% hypertonic solution of
sodium chloride injection.

Solve on your own 

OSMOLALITY
• mOsmol/kg

• Plasma osmolality (mOsmol/kg) =

2([Na]+[K]) plasma + [BUN]/2.8 + [Glucose]/18

where:
Na and K are in mEq/L, and BUN (blood urea
nitrogen) and glucose are in mg/dL.
 OSMOLALIT
Y
Sample problem:
Estimate the plasma osmolality from the following
data: sodium 135 mEq/L; potassium 4.5 mEq/L; BUN
14 mg/dL; and glucose 90 mg/dL.
 INDIVIDUAL WORK:
1. A solution of H2SO4 with a molal concentration of 8.010 m has a density of
1.354 g/mL. What is the molar concentration of this solution?
2. A 125-mL vial contains 5.35 g of potassium chloride. What is the
concentration of the solution in milliequivalents (mEq) per deciliter?
3. What is the osmolarity of a solution containing 0.40% NaCl and 15%
dextrose monohydrate?
4. How many milligrams of water must be used to dissolve 100.0 grams of
sucrose (C12H22O11) to prepare a 0.40 mole fraction of sucrose in the solution?
5. Stock potassium chloride solution is 26.5% w/v KCl and has a density of
1.35 g/mL. What is the molarity, molality and mEq of this solution?