Methods for titration which do not require the use of

indicators

use data obtained from potentiometric, thermometric, and

conductrometric methods
for titration which do not require the use of
Indicators.
Methods for titration which do not require the use of indicators

• Thermometric titration

• Conductometric titration

• Potentiometric titration
 Thermometric titration
A thermometric titration is one of a number of instrumental titration techniques where endpoints can be located accurately
and precisely without a subjective interpretation on the part of the analyst as to their location. Enthalpy change is arguably
the most fundamental and universal property of chemical reactions, so the observation of temperature change is a natural
choice in monitoring their progress.

In the thermometric titration, titrant is added at a known constant rate to a titrand until the completion of the reaction is
indicated by a change in temperature. The endpoint is determined by an inflection in the curve generated by the output of a
temperature measuring device

Figs. 1a & 1b. Idealized thermometric titration plots of exothermic (left) and endothermic (right) reactions
Conductometric titration

Conductometric titration is a type of titration in which the electrolytic conductivity of the reaction mixture is continuously
monitored as one reactant is added. The equivalence point is the point at which the conductivity undergoes a sudden change.
Marked increase or decrease in conductance are associated with the changing concentrations of the two most highly
conducting ions—the hydrogen and hydroxyl ions.[5] The method can be used for titrating coloured solutions or homogeneous
suspension

Acid-base titrations and redox titrations are often performed in which common indicators are used to locate the end point e.g.,
methyl orange, phenolphthalein for acid base titrations and starch solutions for iodometric type redox process. However,
electrical conductance measurements can also be used as a tool to locate the end point.
For reaction between a weak acid and a weak base in the beginning conductivity decreases a bit as the few available H+
ions are used up. Then conductivity increases slightly up to the equivalence point volume, due to contribution of the salt
cation and anion.
Potentiometric titration

Potentiometric titration is a volumetric method in which the potential between two electrodes is measured
(referent and indicator electrode) as a function of the added reagent volume. Types of potentiometric titrations
for the determination of analytes in photoprocessing solutions include acid-base, redox, precipitation, and
complexometric.
Potentiometric titrations are preferred to manual titrations, since they are more accurate and precise. They are
also more easily adapted to automation, where automated titration systems can process larger volumes of
samples with minimal analyst involvement.
A potentiometric titration is an analytical technique that can be used to measure the potential across the analyte.
Here, an indicator is not required to determine the endpoint of the titration. However, this type of titrations is
very similar to redox titrations.

A titration curve has a characteristic sigmoid curve. The part of the curve that has the maximum change marks
the equivalence point of the titration. The first derivative, ΔE/ΔV, is the slope of the curve, and the endpoint
occurs at the volume, V', where ΔE/ΔV has the maximum value.
In the titration apparatus, there are two electrodes. They are named as indicator electrode and reference electrode.
Usually, we use glass electrodes as indicator electrodes and hydrogen electrodes, calomel electrodes and silver
chloride electrodes as reference electrodes. The indicator electrode is important in monitoring the endpoint of the
titration. At the endpoint, a sudden and huge change of potential occurs.