Microscopy,

Characteristics
of Life and Cell
Structure
LESSON 1
LEVELS OF
BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATIONS
BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION
It is the hierarchy that
presents the simplest to the
complex biological levels
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

 Subatomic Particles Organ System

 Atoms  Organism
 Molecule  Population
 Organelles  Community
 Cell  Ecosystem
 Tissue  Biome
 Organ  Biosphere
SUBATOMIC
PARTICLES

Particles that made up an atom

Examples:
a. Proton
b. Neutron
c. Electron
SUBATOMIC
PARTICLES ATOMS

Particles that made up an atom

Examples: The smallest unit of matter that
a. Proton cannot be broken down into
b. Neutron anything simpler by chemical
c. Electron means.
 MOLECULE

The smallest units of most

compounds formed by the
chemical bonding of atoms.
Consist of 2 or more atoms that are
chemically bonded together
 MOLECULE ORGANELLES

The smallest units of most

compounds formed by the Specialized structures that perform
chemical bonding of atoms. important cellular functions within
Consist of 2 or more atoms that are cells.
chemically bonded together
 CELL

The basic unit of life – collections

of living matter enclosed by a
barrier that separates them from
their surroundings.
 CELL TISSUE

The basic unit of life – collections

Groups of similar cells that
of living matter enclosed by a
perform a particular function.
barrier that separates them from
their surroundings.
 ORGAN

Groups of tissues that work

together to perform closely related
functions.
 ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM

Groups of tissues that work

together to perform closely related Groups of organs that work
functions. together to perform closely related
functions.
 ORGANISM

Collection of different organ

system that work together to
perform various life activities
 ORGANISM POPULATION

Collection of different organ Groups of individuals of the same

system that work together to species that live in the same area.
perform various life activities
 COMMUNITY

Groups different populations that

live together in a defined area.
 COMMUNITY ECOSYSTEM

Groups different populations that Groups of all the organisms that

live together in a defined area. live in a particular place, together
with their nonliving environment.
 BIOME

Groups of ecosystems that have the

same climate and similar dominant
communities
 BIOME BIOSPHERE

Groups of ecosystems that have the

Part of the Earth in which life
same climate and similar dominant
exists
communities
LESSON 2:
MICROSCOPY
MICROSCOPY
Microscopy is the technical
field of using microscopes
to view objects and areas of
objects that cannot be seen
with the naked eye.
MICROSCOPE
A microscope is a precision instrument
and the number one tool used by
biologist in studying objects or
organisms that are not visible to the
naked eye.
TWO IMPORTANT PARAMETERS IN
MICROSCOPE
MAGNIFICATION
- Magnification is the ability of a microscope to produce an image of
an object at a scale larger (or even smaller) than its actual size.
- Magnification serves a useful purpose only when it is possible to
see more details of an object in the image than when observing the
object with the unaided eye.
 TWO IMPORTANT PARAMETERS IN
MICROSCOPE
RESOLUTION
- the ability of a microscope to distinguish details of a specimen
or sample.
- the minimum distance between 2 distinct points of a specimen
where they can still be seen by the observer or microscope
camera as separate entities
Brief History of
Microscope
Some of the Scientists
that Contributed to the
Discovery of Microscope

Zacharias and Hans Janssen

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Robert Hooke
 Zacharias and
Hans Janssen
Father and son Dutch eyeglass
makers that experimented
with two lenses placed in a
tube. Because of this
experiment they observed that
objects that places in front of
the tube appeared greatly
enlarged making them the
first user of compound
microscope and telescope.
JANSSEN’S MICROSCOPE
ANTON VAN
LEEUWENHOEK
Invented a single lensed microscope that can
magnify objects up to 300x. He is the first one who
observed bacteria, yeast, red blood cells, and sperm
cells. He describe a colony of protozoans in a
rainwater as ‘animalcules’ or little animals. Because
of these discovery, he earned the title “Father of
Microscopy”
LEEUWENHOEK’S
MICROSCOPE
AND ANIMALCULES
ROBERT HOOKE
He designed his own light microscope,
which used multiple glass lenses to light
and magnify specimens. Under his
microscope, Hooke examined a diverse
collection of organisms. A gifted
illustrator, he drew and explained what
he saw. This record of his observations
became Micrographia.
With his improved compound
microscope, he discovered tiny
compartments in a thin slice of cork.
He called these compartments “cells”.
Hooke observed box-shaped
structures, which he called “cells” as
they reminded him of the cells, or
rooms, in monasteries. This
discovery led to the development of
the classical cell theory.
HOOKE’S MICROSCOPE
 TYPES OF
MICROSCOPE
 TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
A. SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
- Composed of one lens and provides a
low magnifying power.
- Example:
Magnifying Glass.
 TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
B. COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
- Composed of 2 or more lenses that can
provide a powerful magnification.
- Example:
Compound Light Microscope
PARTS OF THE
MICROSCOPE
 COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
The parts of a compound
microscope is categorized into 3
main parts based on their function.
a. Illuminating parts
b. Magnifying parts
c. Mechanical parts
ILLUMINATING PARTS
- Parts of the microscope that provides light.
- Sources of light
- Natural source (sunlight)
- Artificial source (light bulb)
- The illuminating parts are:
a. Mirror
b. Electric Lamp
c. Diaphragm
d. Ocular/ Eyepiece
e. Objective lens
 ILLUMINATING PARTS
A. MIRROR
- Reflects the light from the source of
light to the specimen

B. ELECTRIC LAMP
- A built-in illuminator beneath the
stage that may be used if sunlight is not
preferred or not available
 ILLUMINATING PARTS
C. OCULAR/EYEPIECE
- Focuses the light to the eye.
- Where the observer peep through.

D. DIAPHRAGM
- It regulates the amount of light in the
specimen.
 ILLUMINATING PARTS

E. OBJECTIVE LENSES
- Gathers the light
 MAGNIFYING PARTS
- Parts of the microscope that enlarges the objects or specimen.
- The magnifying parts are:
a. Ocular Lens
b. Objective lens
 MAGNIFYING PARTS
A. OCULAR LENS/ EYEPIECE
- Reflects the light from the source of light to the specimen
 MAGNIFYING PARTS
B. OBJECTIVE LENSES
- Enlarge the object/specimen to six
(6X) to ten times (10X)
- Most of the compound microscope
has 3 objectives
TYPES OF OBJECTIVE LENSES
a. Low Power Objectives (LPO)
b. High Power Objectives (HPO)
c. Oil Immersion Objectives (OIO)
 MAGNIFYING PARTS
TYPES OF OBJECTIVE LENSES
A. Low Power Objective (LPO)
- Locates and magnifies the object
at 10X.
- Provides the lowest
magnification.
 MAGNIFYING PARTS
TYPES OF OBJECTIVE LENSES
B. High Power Objective (HPO)
- sometimes called the "high-dry"
objective
- Locates and magnifies the object
at 40X, 43X, and 45X.
 MAGNIFYING PARTS
TYPES OF OBJECTIVE LENSES
C. Oil Immersion Objective
(OIO)
- Locates and magnifies the object
at 100X
- Requires a special oil when using
this objective.
- Provides the maximum or highest
magnification.
 MECHANICAL PARTS
-Parts of the microscope that supports, adjust , connect
and to move other parts.
-The mechanical parts are:
a. Base
b. Arm
c. Body Tube
d. Stage
e. Adjustment Screws
a. Course Adjustment Screw
b. Fine Adjustment Screw
f. Revolving nosepiece
 MECHANICAL PARTS
A. BASE
- Supports the entire weight of ARM
the microscope.

B. ARM
- Supports the body tube and the
parts that is held when the
microscope is carried from one
place to another BASE
 MECHANICAL PARTS
C. BODY TUBE BODY TUBE
- Connects the lenses of the
objectives and the ocular.

D. STAGE AND STAGE CLIPS STAGE

- Stage holds the slide

- Stage Clip holds the slide firmly in STAGE
CLIPS
place
 MECHANICAL PARTS
E. ADJUSTMENT KNOBS
- Move the objectives to bring the
specimen to focus. COURSE
KNOB
a. Course Adjustment Knob
- Large knob
FINE
- Moves the body tube up and down to focus KNOB
the specimen.
b. Fine Adjustment Knob
- Smaller knob
- Used to get a sharp object of the specimen
being viewed.
 MECHANICAL PARTS
F. REVOLVING NOSEPIECE REVOLVING
NOSEPIECE
- Rotating disc that holds the different
objectives
- Allows for the shifting from one
objectives to another.