Volcanoes

MEMBERS:

ABDULRAHMAN MOHAMMED AWAHD ALHADHEQ

AMIR ARIF BIN AHMAD
ARIELE TANYAN PINSO
AVARAANESYAAH A/P AVADAYAN
GAMAL ABDULAZIZ MOHAMMED AL-AGHBARI
HUSSAIN BIN HAKIMUDDIN
LEKHLIDI YASSINE
UNIA ULTA ASTARI
 Introduction
• An opening in the earth surface trough which hot lava, gasses,
and rock fragment erupt.
• Volcanoes are often cone-shaped, but they can take other shapes
too.
• They are formed when molten, sticky rock called magma, forces
its way through a crack in the Earth’s crust
• The melted rock that spills out of the crater on the top of the
volcano is called lava.
• Most volcanoes are formed on land, but there are some
volcanoes that are on the ocean floor.
• Volcanoes erupt when magma, red-hot liquid rock, seeps up
through a vent in the earth.
• Volcanic eruptions vary in size and display
Types of Volcanoes
 Types of Volcanoes

Submarine Volcano

Mud Volcano
Subglacial Volcano
 Formation of Volcanoes
• The up rise of the magma at under the middle layer
of lithosphere
• The unusual hot mantle causes interpolate volcanic
activity. Forms a plume shape that is from 500 to
1000 km wide
• The mantle material wells up to create a hot spot
under particular point on the earth
• It melts and forms magma just under the earth crust
• Solid rock changes form to liquid rock material, so,
the density will be change
• The magma pushes upward with great force as it
pushes up, its intense heat melts some more rock
and mixes with the magma
• The magma keeps moving through the crust . the
magma collects in magma chambers below the
surface of the earth
• Magma pressure rises to a certain level that make
the crust cracks open, the molten rock will spew out
at the earth's surface.
• Flowing lava forms a volcano
 Formation of Seamount

• submarine volcanism
• a seamount eventually breaches the water's
surface, it becomes an island
• Sometimes seamounts occur as matching
pairs located on opposite sides of an oceanic
ridge
• There are spreading centres along the ocean
ridges where slabs or plates of the earth's
lithosphere are moving away from each other
 Causes Volcanoes to Erupt
• Several factors: (3 predominate)

 Buoyancy of the magma

 Pressure from the
dissolved gases in the
magma
 Injection of a new batch of
magma into an already
filled magma chamber
 Effects of Volcanoes Eruption

Effect

Human Life Nature Environment

 Effects of Volcanoes Eruption

• In 1815 , Tambora volcano (Sumbawa island,

Indonesia) had vigorously erupted their
magma that caused thousands of humans
life. Estimated 92,000 people lost their lived
around the world resulted from this tragedy.
Part of it which is 10,000 people were killed
by pyroclastic flows and falling volcanic
debris. While 82,000 people were killed
around the world due to drastic change of
temperature
 Effects of Volcanoes Eruption
Articles review on the history of volcanic activities and it effect
Displacemen
Article Event Summary Mortality (n=7) Injury (n=4) Morbidity (n=6) t (n=2)
Eisele et al., Mount St Helens, Documents mortality 53 deaths at time of publication Not reported Not reported Not reported
198116 USA, 1980 attributed to the Mount (35 dead, 18 presumed dead),
St. Helens eruption mostly due to asphyxia;
proximity was a key risk factor
for mortality

Merchant et al, Mount St Helens, Evaluates resulting 32 deaths reported from Primarily Increase in emergency Not reported
198223 USA, 1980 health effects in asphyxia (19), burns (6), falling respiratory room respiratory
surrounding areas of objects (4), fall (1), blast injury problems as a admissions and respiratory
Washington state (1), and unknown (1) result of ash conditions in high exposure
exposure; also groups
ocular irritation

Fraunfelder et Mount St Helens, Assesses ocular Not reported Not reported No long term ocular or Not reported
al, 198339 USA, 1980 effects, ash exposure, respiratory effects from ash
and emergency room exposure; freq. of
surveillance data complaints increases with
ash exposure

Bernstein et al, Mount St Helens, Considers issues 48 deaths reported; among the 12 injured, from Respiratory effects due to Not reported
198622 USA, 1980 surrounding forecasting 25 autopsied, causes of death burns or ash ash inhalation were
of volcanic events were ash asphyxiation, (17), inhalation; 72% associated with prior lung
thermal injuries (5), trauma (3) of survivors in the conditions, occupation,
damage areas exposure time, and
injured distance
 Effects of Volcanoes Eruption

• During eruptions of volcanoes, atmosphere are polluted with various of

gasses that dissolves in magma. These gasses may release from magma
that either remain under ground or rising toward the surface.
 Effects of Volcanoes Eruption

• Acid rain and air pollution are the result of sulfur

dioxide present in the atmosphere that came from the
volcanic eruption. High volume of sulfur aerosols that
released into stratosphere can lead to lower surface
temperature and depletion of Earth’s ozone layer
around the world. Due to heavier density than air,
carbon dioxide may flow into low lying areas and
accumulated in the soil.
• Around 130 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) are
released into the atmosphere due to volcanic activity
 Safety Measures
Precautionary measures before volcano
 Get a pair of goggles and a throw-away
breathing mask for each member of the
household.
 Have disaster supplies on hand (flashlight,
extra batteries, portable battery-operated
radio, first aid kit, emergency food and
water, nonelectric can opener, cash and
credit cards, and sturdy shoes).
 Prioritize the safety of kids before other
things. If you have relatives or friends who
are far from the volcano, take your children
there until such time that your place is safe.
 Safety Measures
Precautionary measures during Volcano
 Avoid all low-lying places because lava flows
and mudflows are more likely to pass here.
 Seek cover in case of ash falls rock falls.
 Use masks and cover your mouth and nose to
avoid breathing in ashes.
 If you are inside a house; close all doors and
windows to avoid ashes from getting inside.
 Stay in the evacuation center until further
instructions. Do not attempt to leave the place
unless told to do.
 Safety Measures

Precautionary measures after

Volcano
 Clean everything around and check
all damages incurred.
 Use masks while cleaning ash and
other debris.
 Wait for further announcements
related to the volcano activities.
 Make sure that your house is still
safe for all of you.
 Preventive Measures
 Laboratory test for particle size, wear high efficiency masks.
 Laboratory test for crystalline silica, respiratory protective equipment.
 Designate emergency shelters.
 Radar warning of eruption.
 Precaution, including emergency warning and evacuation plans for
communities.
 Informing local communities of action to be taken when an eruption
becomes imminent and after it has occurred.
 Advice and equipment for people who are temporarily permitted to work
in restricted areas.
 Devising an alert system for emergency evacuation if an eruption is
imminent
 Warning Signs Used In Current
Technology

Volcanologists use sophisticated equipment and techniques to predict and

monitor an eruption
 Measuring water temperature and pH (acidity), analyzing ground
cracking patterns and searching for new areas of avalanche-felled
rocks.
 Ground-based, airborne and satellite detectors are used to measure
gas and heat emission.
 The increase in the flow rate of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide gases
indicate that magma is coming.
 What happens?
• The magma
accumulates in a
magmatic room a few
Kms and melts more
rocks
• When the pressure
becomes too great, the
magma towards the
surface and burst
• Going up, it can break
rocks, which
causes small
earthquakes
 After the explosion
• During an eruption,
huge amounts of gas
and dust are emitted
into the atmosphere:
the climate World
changes in a few
months or years.
 After the explosion
• Slow or rapid cooling
of magma gives rise to
volcanic rocks.
• When the magma
cools, crystals formed
there and begin to
grow: it does not
solidify instantly
• Different rocks form in
different cooling
conditions
 1586. Kelut. Indonesia
• Number of victims: about
10,000
• activity: Lahar
• The Kelut is a relatively
small size stratovolcano
but remains one of the
most dangerous volcanoes
of Java.
Its summit crater hosts an
acid lake between each
eruption. The activity
results in
phreatomagmatic
eruptions and lahars due
to the presence of this
large volume of water.
• The last eruption occurred
in 1990
 1631. Vesuvius. Italy
• Column height in km:
19
Duration of the
eruption: 11:00
Magma volume (km 3):
0.2
Emission Rate (kg / s):
1.5 x 107-3 x 107

Number of victims:
4000
Main volcanic activity:
pyroclastic flow
 1792. Unzen. Japan
• Number of victims: about
15,200

• Main volcanic activity:

Gas (carestia).
Other activities:
Avalanches and tidal
waves

• In 1792 the top of the

volcano was rocked by a
series of phreatic
explosions accompanied
by lava flows.
Thank You =)