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Real-time & Embedded System

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Chapter – 1

Embedded System
 Definition
3

Embedded System: any device that includes a

computer but not itself a general purpose

computer.
Hardware and software part of large system

and expected to function without human

intervention.
 Definition
4

Responds, monitors, controls external

environment using sensors and actuators.
Any system where the user doesn’t want to

know that it includes a processor.

 Embedding a Computer
5

Output Analog

CPU Input

Mem. Analog

Embedded Computer
 Examples
6

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

Printers

Cell phone

Automobile: engine, brakes, dash, etc.

Television

Household appliances
Continued
7

Product: Palm Vx
handheld

Microprocessor:
32-bit Motorola
Dragonball EZ
Continued
8

Product: Motorola i1000

plus iDEN Multi Service
Digital Phone

Microprocessor:
32-bit Motorola MCORE
 Application Examples
9

Simple control: front panel of Microwave

ovens, etc.
Camera: Canon EOS 3 has three
microprocessors
• 32-bit RISC CPU runs auto-focus

Analog TV: Channel selection, etc.

Digital TV: Decompression, Descrambling, etc

 Automobile embedded systems
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Today's high-end automobile may have 100

microprocessors:
• 4-bit microprocessors checks seat belt
• Microcontroller run dashboard devices
• 16/32 bit microprocessor controls engine
 Example: Automobile
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Sensor Sensor

Brake Brake

Automated Hydraulic
Braking System Pump

Brake Brake

Sensor Sensor
Characteristics of embedded system
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Sophisticated functionality
Real-time operation (always?)
Low manufacturing cost
Application dependent processor
Restricted memory
Low power consumption
• Power consumption is critical in battery power
devices.
 Real-time operation
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Must finish operations by deadline

• Hard real time: missing deadline causes
failure
• Soft real time: missing deadline results in
degraded performance

Many systems are multi-rate: must handle

operations at widely varying rates.

Application dependent requirements
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Fault-tolerance
• Continue operation despite hardware or
software faults

Safe
• Systems to avoid physical or economic damage
to person or property
 More features
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Dedicated system
• Predefined functionality-accordingly hardware
& software design
• Programmability rarely used during lifetime of
the system.
• Real-time, fault tolerance, safe
 More Examples
16

Product: Pepsi Vending

machine

Microprocessor:
4-bit Motorola
68HC11

. . . . . . Web-enabled vending machine

Cont . . .
17

Product: GPS Receiver

Microprocessor:
16-bit
Cont . . .
18

Product: MP3 Player

Microprocessor:
32-bit RISC
Cont . . .
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Product: DVD Player

Microprocessor:
32-bit RISC
Cont . . .
20

Product: Sony Aibo

ERS-110 Robotic Dog

Microprocessor:
64-bit MIPS RISC
 Types of embedded system
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Similar to General Computing

• PDA, Video games, Set-top boxes, automatic
teller machine
Control Systems
• Feed-back control of real time system
• Vehicle engines, flight control, nuclear reactor
Signal Processing
• Radar, DVD players
Communication & Networking
• Cellular phones, Internet appliances
 Nature of System Function
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Control Laws

Sequencing Logic

Signal Processing

Application Specific Interfacing

Fault Response
 Architecture
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FPGA Mem. SOFTWARE

Sensors ADC CPU DAC Actuators

Human Diagnos Auxiliary

Interface tic tools Systems

Electromechanical
packaging
 Sensors
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A sensor converts some physical characteristics

of its environment into electrical signals
Examples of sensor
• A photo-voltaic cell converts light energy into
electrical energy
• A temperature sensor typically operates based
on the principle of thermocouple.
• Pressure sensor typically operates based on
piezoelectricity principle.
 Actuators
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An actuator converts electrical signals into

some physical actions.

The physical action may be:
• Motion, change of thermal, electrical,
pneumatic, or physical characteristics of
some objects.
 Actuators
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Examples of actuators
• Motors
• Heaters
• Hydraulic and pneumatic actuators
 ADC & DAC
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Analog – to – digital converters (ADC)

• Converts continuous signals to discrete numbers

The reverse operation

• Performed by digital – to- analog converters
(DAC)
 Implementing Embedded System
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 Hardware
 Processing elements
 Peripherals
 I/O Devices
 Interfacing sensors & Hardware
actuators Software
 Memory Partitioning
 Bus of
 Software Tasks
 System software
 Application
 Software
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Programs must be logically & temporally

correct
Must deal with inherent physical
concurrency
• Reactive systems

Reliability & fault tolerance are critical

issues
Application Specific & single purpose
 Multi-Tasking and Concurrency
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Embedded systems need to deal with

several inputs & outputs and multiple

events occurring simultaneously.
Separate tasks simplifies
programming, but requires somehow
switching back & forth among different
tasks (multi-tasking)
 Multi-Tasking and Concurrency
31

Concurrency is the appearance of

simultaneous execution of multiple
tasks.
 Challenges in embedded system design
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How much hardware do we need?

• What is word size of CPU? Size of memory

How do we meet our deadline?

• Faster hardware or cleverer software?

How do we minimize power?

• Turn off unnecessary logic? Reduce memory
access
 Embedded System Design
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Multi-Objective Multi-Discipline Life Cycle

 Dependability  Electronic Hardware  Requirement
 Affordability  Software  Design
 Safety
X  Mechanical Hardware
X  Manufacturing
 Security  Control Algorithm  Deployment
 Scalability  Human  Logistics
Timeliness Society, institutions Retirement
 Design goals
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Performance
• Overall speed, deadlines

Functionality & User Interface

Manufacturing cost

Power Consumption

Other requirement (physical size, etc)

Design & Development Processes
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requirement

specification

architecture

Component
design

System
Integration
 36

Embedded Hardware
 Embedded System Hardware
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Embedded system hardware is used for

processing of input to produce output

in task specific fashion.

Input Information Output

Interfaces Processing Interfaces
System
 Processors
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Microprocessors and Micro-Controller

Key requirement:
• Energy Efficiency
• High code density
 Microprocessors
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CPU for computers

No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
Example: Intel’s x86, Motorola’s 680x0

Data Bus
CPU
General I/O Serial
purpose RAM ROM Timer
Port port
Micropro
cessor
Address Bus
 What is Micro-controller
40

Basically, a micro-controller is a device

which integrates a number of the

components of a microprocessor
system onto a single microchip.
• The CPU core
• Memory (both ROM & RAM)
• Some parallel digital I/O & more
 Components of a Micro-controller
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A timer module to allow the micro-

controller to perform tasks for certain
time period.
A serial I/O port to allow data flow b/n
the micro-controller and other devices.
An ADC to allow the micro-controller
to accept analogue input data for
processing.
 Micro-controller
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Program Parallel Port Parallel Port

Memory

Data Counter/
Memory Timer

Core Serial Serial

Parallel Port Port Port
 Why Micro-controller?
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Low cost, small packaging

Low Power Consumption

Programmable, re-programmable

Lots of I/O Capability

Single purpose
Architecture
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Architecture
45
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