Solve problems in electromagnetic devices and related circuits

UEEEL0021 Topic 1 - Magnetism

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Learning Outcomes
Topic 1 - Magnetism
• Magnetic field pattern of bar and horse-shoe magnets.
• Magnets attraction and repulsion when brought in contact with
each other.
• Common magnetic and non-magnetic materials and groupings
(diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials).
• Principle of magnetic screening (shielding) and its applications.
• practical applications of magnets
• construction, operation and applications of reed switches.

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 Early Magnets
Roughly 4,000 years ago, a Greek shepherd named Magnes is said to have
been tending his sheep in a region of northern Greece called Magnesia. He
took a step and suddenly found that the nails that held his shoe together and
the metal tip of his staff were stuck fast to the rock he was standing on!
Intrigued, he began digging and discovered the first recorded lodestone.
Lodestones were henceforth known as “magnetite,” probably named after
Magnes or Magnesia.

The Greek term: magnētis lithos

"the Magnesian stone”
Topic 1 - Magnetism

Early Magnets
• First written about 2500 years ago after lodestone was found to
attract iron.
• Lodestone is created by lighting strikes on a material called
magnetite

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

History
• 600 BC - Lodestone
• 1175 - First reference to a compass
• 1740 - First commercial magnet
• 1767 - Electrical force
• 1780 - Electric current
• 1820 - Electromagnetism, current
• 1860 - DC motor
• 1885 - AC generation
• 1919 - Commercial steel magnets
• 1952 - Ceramic magnets
• 1966 - Rare-earth magnets
• 1972 - Advanced rare-earth magnets

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Magnetism
• Magnetism is a force created by a magnetic field.
• The Earth has a magnetic field that produces the
magnetosphere which protects Earth from the sun’s solar
wind.

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Magnetism
A magnet has two poles, (north and south pole), so named
because a magnet, if allowed to move freely, aligns itself that
its north pole points to the Earth’s magnetic North Pole (it
thus is the North-seeking pole)
Geographical
North Magnetic
The north pole of a magnet North
aligns itself with the Earth’s
magnetic north

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Atomic Origin of Magnetism

Electron

Orbit
Spin

Nucleus

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Magnetic Domains
S

N
N
S N N
S

S
N

S
S

N
N

N
S N

S
S

S
N

S
S

N
N

S
N
N
S N
S
S N

S
S
N N

N
S
S S N

N
S

• Created by the alignment of the domains due to magnetic

induction.
• Striking a magnet will cause a loss of induced alignment of
domains and reduction of magnetic properties of the material

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Properties of a Magnetic Soft Iron

Field
• Lines of force seek the path of least resistance
• In a single bar magnet lines of force will form closed
loops
• Lines of force all have the same magnetic Strength
• Lines of force become less dense in air or other non-
magnetic materials `
• Parallel lines of force travelling in the same direction
repel each other
• Lines of force density will decrease with an increased
distance from the poles
• Lines of force are considered to have a direction of flow
• Externally, lines of force flow from north to south
• Internally they flow from south to north

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Magnetic Field Pattern of Bar and Horse-Shoe Magnets

Horseshoe
Magnetic Field of a bar magnet
Magnet
Shown with Iron Filings

N S
N S

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Magnetic Induction
• When a magnetic material is placed in a magnetic field
it becomes temporarily magnetised
• This is called magnetic induction

N S

S
N
Soft Iron

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Magnetic Induction

Steel can be magnetised through induction by stroking the

iron with one (or two) strong magnets.

S S N

N N S
Soft iron being
N S magnetised N S
Single Touch Method Double Touch Method

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Permeability
• The ability of a material to conduct and concentrate magnetic Flux
• A material with a high permeability is a better conductor of magnetic flux
• Permeability of a material is judged against a known standard which is
free space.
• Symbol μ
• μ= μr μo
• μ = actual permeability
• μr = relative permeability
• μo = permeability of free space = or

• Unit = Henry/ meter (H/m)

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Magnetic Flux
• The unit of measurement is the weber (Wb)
• Total number of lines of magnetic flux produced by a magnet.
• 1 weber = 100 million lines of force
• The symbol for flux is Φ (phi)
Compass Needle

North Pole
Of Compass
N S Needle

Individual Lines of Force Magnetic Flux (measured in Webbers)

Φ (phi)

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Flux Density
• The number of lines of force in a defined area is called flux density
• Flux density symbol is -
• Below shows 2 magnets, one smaller than the other but both have
50 lines of force.
• The smaller magnet has a higher flux density because the 50 lines
of force are compacted into a smaller area
20
10

20 10

Φ = 50 lines of force
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 Topic 1 - Magnetism

Flux Density
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where:
= flux density in Teslas (or webers/
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Φ = flux in Webers
A = area in square metres (
• One tesla equals one weber per square
metre. 10

10

Φ = 50 lines of force
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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Magnetic Materials
• Materials are either non-magnetic or magnetic.
• Non-magnetic materials have no reaction to, or effect on a magnetic
field.
• All magnetic materials react in some way to a magnetic field and are
classified according to the type of reaction.
• There are three classifications:

1. Ferromagnetic
2. Paramagnetic
3. Diamagnetic

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Magnetic Materials
Ferromagnetic Paramagnetic Diamagnetic
• Strongly attracted to a • Weakly attracted by a strong • Weakly repelled by a strong
magnetic field magnetic field, e.g. oxygen magnetic field, e.g. living tissue
• have a permeability slightly higher
• have a high permeability (low
than one and become weakly • become weakly magnetised, but
reluctance (resistance) to lines in the opposite direction to the
magnetised in the same direction as
of force) and are good the magnetising force
conductors of a magnetic field magnetising force
• have far less strength than a • have a permeability less than one
• include: iron, steel, nickel, ferromagnetic magnet, and
cobalt and alloys lose magnetism when • include Bismuth and carbon
magnetising force is removed graphite, the strongest
diamagnetic materials
• include: Lithium, aluminium,
platinum, manganese, chromium
• also include mercury, copper,
and oxygen
gold, silver, water, diamonds,
wood and living tissue which are
less strong

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Law of Magnetic Attraction and Repulsion

• Can lose its magnetic strength if exposed to:
• Heat
• Hammered or jarred
• Exposed to another magnetic field - (Law of magnetic attraction and
repulsion)

N S N S
Topic 1 - Magnetism

Preserving a Magnet
To prevent the loss of magnetic strength, a magnet should
be stored with a keeper across its poles.

N
S S

Magnetic Keeper
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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Magnetic Screening
• There is no material that can stop a magnetic field
passing through
• Magnetic field will pass through brass ring

N NS N
S S

Brass ring
(I.E., non-magnetic)
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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Magnetic Screening
As magnetic lines of force will take a path of least magnetic
resistance, lines of force can be diverted/redirected around
an area when it is surrounded by a material with a high
permeability

S N S N

No flux in this area Soft Iron (high Permeability)

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Magnetic Screening - Application

A magnetic shield keeps magnetic flux away from a
sensitive area (like the hard drive in a computer) by
providing a high permeability path around the area.

Plastic Jacket

Dielectric Insulator

Magnetic Sheild

Center Core
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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Magnetic Screening - Application

• Screening of 11 KV and above cables to reduce
interference.
• Shielding of communication and data cables in
installations.
• Control equipment.
• Electronics

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Reed Switch's
• The reed switch is an electrical switch operated by an applied
magnetic field.
• Two ferro-magnetic wires enclosed in a hermetically sealed glass
capsule that close together when put in a magnetic field.
• Used in security systems as switches on doors and windows
• Once the magnet is pulled away from the switch, the reed switch will
go back to its original position.
Contact Plate
NInert Gas S

Reed Blade Reed Blade

Glass Capsule Contact Gap

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Reed Switch - Practical Applications

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Practical Applications for Magnets

Some devices that use permanent magnets include:

• Loudspeaker
• Microphone
• Fridge/Freezer door seal
• 'Reed' door close switch ('senses' presence of magnet field)
• Some d.c. electric motors

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Topic 1 - Magnetism

Tutorials & Revision

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