DWDM

R K Gangwar, DE(TR)

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 Agenda
• Introduction
• Option for increasing the bandwidth
• Development of DWDM Technology
• Varieties of WDM
• Advantages of DWDM
• Transmission Windows
• DWDM System Components
• Optical Network Elements of DWDM
• Conclusion

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 Introduction
– 1st Generation: Copper is transmission medium
– 2nd Generation: Optical Fiber (late 80s)
• Higher data rates; longer link lengths
– Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (DWDM,
1994)
• Fiber exhaust forces DWDM
• Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) lower
DWDM transmission cost
– 3rd Generation: Intelligent optical networking (1999)
• Routing and signaling for optical paths
 THE CHALLENGES OF TODAY TELECOM
NETWORK
 HUGE AMOUNT OF BANDWIDTH REQUIRED TO SUPPORT
BANDWIDTH HUNGRY SERVICES.
 TRANSMISSION SPEEDS HAVE TO BE INCREASED
 PROBLEM OF FIBRE EXHAUST IN NETWORK
 TRAFFIC GROWTH AT VERY FAST SPEED
 CHALLENGE OF DEPLOYING AND INTEGRATING DIVERSE
TECHNOLOGIES IN ONE PHYSICAL INFRASTRUTURE

Friday, April 5, 2024 4

Option for increasing the bandwidth

More Fibers -Installing new fibers

Same bit rate, more fibers

Faster Electronics (TDM)

-Increasing the bit rate
Higher bit rate, same fiber

WDM -Increasing the number of wavelengths

Same fiber & bit rate, more wavelengths
5
 TDM Limitations at Higher Bit Rate

• Expensive and Complex

Electronics E1
• Complex Modulation
E3
• SNR Decreases
• Dispersion is very high STM-1
STM-4

* Transmission at 40 Gb/s (STM-256) over single-mode (SM)

fiber is 16 times more affected by Dispersion than the
transmission at 10 Gb/s (STM-64).

6
Development of DWDM Technology

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Development of DWDM Technology

• Early WDM began in the late 1980s using the two widely
spaced wavelengths in the 1310 nm and 1550 nm (or
850 nm and 1310 nm) regions, sometimes called
wideband WDM.
• The early 1990s saw a second generation of WDM,
sometimes called narrowband WDM, in which two to
eight channels were used.

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Development of DWDM Technology

• By the mid-1990s, dense WDM (DWDM) systems were

emerging with 16 to 40 channels and spacing from 100
to 200 GHz.
• By the late 1990s DWDM systems had evolved to the
point where they were capable of 64 to 160 parallel
channels, densely packed at 50 or even 25 GHz
intervals.

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What is (DWDM) ?

10
 What is (DWDM) ?
At Ingress: Multiple Optical signals of differing wavelengths are combined
to form a single optical signal.

At Egress: A single Optical signals is refracted to separate multiple

Optical signals of differing wavelengths.
 What is (DWDM) ?

 1

    
1 2 .. 32
2

 : • High bandwidth, multi-channel,

 32
protocol independent data transport
over single fiber pair

• Supports optical data protocols

including SDH, ESCON, FICON, Fibre
Channel, GigE, Digital Video, Fast
Ethernet etc.

Friday, April 5, 2024

 What is DWDM?

Data Channel #1

Optical
Data Channel #2 Fiber

Data Channel #3

Data Channel #4

• Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

• Acts as “optical funnel”
• Channels multiple data signals into a common optical fiber
 TDM and WDM Comparison
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• Single wavelength per fiber
• Multiple channels per fiber
E1
• E/O or O/E/O Conversion
E3
• Common signal format STM-1
• Takes sync and async signals and multiplexes them to a STM-4
single
higher optical bit rate

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

•Multiple wavelengths per fiber 2, 4, 16, 64 etc.
•Multiple channels per fiber
•No O/E conversion
•Can carry multiple protocols
•Takes multiple optical signals and multiplexes them in
to a single fiber
BRBRAITT, Jabalpur
 DWDM and SDH-difference
TDM: electrical regenerator for
Transmission electrical Receiver
Single wavelength
regenerato
1 r
TT RR

Electrical multiplex Electrical demultiplex

1 2 N

1 1
2 2
DWDM:Muti-wavelength for
Single fiber, for optic Amplify N N
OA
optical multiplexeroptical demultiplexer
 Varieties of WDM
Early WDM systems transported two or four wavelengths that were widely
spaced. WDM and the “follow-on” technologies of CWDM and DWDM have
evolved well beyond this early limitation.
• WDM
Traditional, passive WDM systems are wide-spread with 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16
channel counts being the normal deployments. This technique usually has a
distance limitation of under 100 km.
• CWDM
Today, coarse WDM (CWDM) typically uses 20-nm spacing (3000 GHz) of up
to 18 channels. The CWDM grid is made up of 18 wavelengths defined within
the range 1270 nm to 1610 nm spaced by 20 nm.
• DWDM
Dense WDM common spacing may be 200, 100, 50, or 25 GHz with channel
count reaching up to 128 or more channels at distances of several thousand
kilometers with amplification and regeneration along such a route.
 Varieties of WDM

CWDM

DWDM

• CWDM : Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing

• DWDM : Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
CWDM : Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing
• Max no. of Channel :18 nos
• Uses Optical wavelength in 1200 nm – 1700 nm
windows
• Wave length interval >20nm
• Adopts non cooling Laser
• Lower cost
Limitations:
• Small capacity
• Short transmission distance
 DWDM- Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
• Dense WDM common spacing may be
– 200 GHz or 1.6 nm,
– 100 GHz or 0.8 nm,
– 50 GHz or 0.4 nm,
– 25 GHz with channel count reaching up to 160 or
more channels at distances of several thousand
kilometers with amplification and regeneration along
such a route.

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 Advantages of DWDM
Any Speed---------------------------------Any Protocol

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 Advantages of DWDM
Different Inputs of DWDM

IP
IP

SDH
SDH ATM
ATM IP
IP O/S
ATM
ATM O/S

Open
OpenOptical
Optical Interface
Interface
SDH
SDH

DWDM
DWDM
Fiber
Fiberphysical
physical
 Advantages of DWDM

• A key advantage to DWDM is that it's protocol and bit

rate-independent. DWDM-based networks can transmit
data in SDH, IP, ATM and Ethernet etc.
• Therefore, DWDM-based networks can carry different
types of traffic at different speeds over an optical
channel. DWDM is a core technology in an optical
transport network.

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Advantages of DWDM
Transparent transmission

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 Advantages of DWDM
DWDM is the Main Expansion Scheme
TX Reg Reg RX
TX Reg Reg RX
TX Reg Reg RX
TX Reg Reg RX
TX Reg Reg RX
TX Reg Reg RX
TX Reg Reg RX
TX Reg Reg RX

TDM

RX
TX Cost could be saved in network expansion RX
TX RX
TX RX
TX
EDFA EDFA RX
TX
TX RX
TX RX
TX DWDM RX

Friday, April 5, 2024 24

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur
 Advantages of DWDM
DWDM-easy to upgrade

32*10G

32*2.5G

16*2.5G
8*2.5G
ADVANTAGES OF DWDM
 Advantages of DWDM

• Increases bandwidth (speed and distance)

• Does not require replacement or upgrade their existing
legacy systems
• Provides "next generation" technologies to meet growing
data needs
• Less costly in the long run because increased fiber
capacity is automatically available; don't have to upgrade
all the time

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 Optical Band For DWDM

In Future, the
communication window
1280~1625nm

C-band ： 1525~1565nm
L-band ： 1565~1625nm

28
 Optical Band For DWDM

Fiber have abundant wavelength resource

Bandwidth:1300nm-1700nm=54.3THz;
In 1550nm area:Could be 25THz;
 OPTICAL BANDS

• ITU Classification of bands

• Standard values : ITU Grid
– Center frequency: 193.10THz (1552.52 nm)
– Standard spacing of 200, 100, 50 GHz for different applications
 ITU-T BAND ALLOCATION
C BAND L BAND
Optical
Supervisory
channel BLUE RED
BAND BAND

1500 1520 1530 1542 1547 1560 1620

• C- BAND PRODUCTS ARE COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE.

• ERBIUM DOPED FIBRE AMPLIFIERS SUITABLE FOR ‘C’ BAND.

Friday, April 5, 2024 31

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur
 ITU –T G.692 Frequency Grid
Nominal Central  Nominal Central  Nominal Central 
Central  (nm) Central  (nm) Central  (nm)
(THz) (THz) (THz)

196.1 1528.77 194.7 1539.77 193.3 1550.92

196.0 1529.55 194.6 1540.56 193.2 1551.72
195.9 1530.33 194.5 1541.35 193.1 1552.52
195.8 1531.12 194.4 1542.14 193.0 1553.33
195.7 1531.90 194.3 1542.92 192.9 1554.13
195.6 1532.68 194.2 1543.73 192.8 1554.94
195.5 1533.47 194.1 1544.53 192.7 1555.75
195.4 1534.25 194.0 1545.32 192.6 1556.55
195.3 1535.04 193.9 1546.12 192.5 1557.36
195.2 1535.82 193.8 1546.92 192.4 1558.17
195.1 1536.61 193.7 1547.72 192.3 1558.98
195.0 1537.40 193.6 1548.51 192.2 1559.79
194.9 1538.19 193.5 1549.32 192.1 1560.61
194.8 1539.77 193.4 1550.12 32
 DWDM System Components
• Transmitter (transmit transponder)
• Optical Multiplexer/ demultiplexer
• Optical Amplifier
• Optical fiber (media)
• Receiver (receive transponder)

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 DWDM System Components

• Transmitter (transmit transponder)

– Changes electrical bits to optical pulses
– Uses a narrowband laser to generate the optical
pulse

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 DWDM System Components

• Optical Multiplexer/ demultiplexer

– Combines/separates discrete wavelengths

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 DWDM System Components
• Optical Amplifier
– Pre-amplifier, Post-amplifier and In line amplifiers (ILA)
– EDFA (Eribium Doped Fiber Amplifier) is the most
popular amplifier.

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 DWDM System Components

• Optical Fiber (Media)

– Transmission media to carry optical pulses
– Many different kinds of fiber are used

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 DWDM System Components

• Receiver (receive transponder)

– Changes optical pulses back to electrical bits
– Uses wideband laser to provide the optical pulse

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 Network Elements of DWDM
Optical Terminal Multiplexer Optical Terminal Multiplexer

l1 l2 lN l1 l2 lN
Optical Line Amplifier
OTU ODU
OMU

OBA OLA OADM OPA

ODU OMU OTU

OPA OLA OBA

OADM
39
 Conclusion

• DWDM promises to solve the "fiber exhaust" problem

and is expected to be the central technology in the all-
optical networks of the future.
• This technology responds to the growing need for
efficient and capable data transmission by working with
different formats, such as SONET/SDH, while increasing
bandwidth.

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 Thank you!

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