Gases

At the end of this session, you will be

able to:
 define pressure and give the common units
of pressure
 express the gas laws in equation form
 use the gas laws to determine pressure,
volume, or temperature of a gas under
certain conditions of change
 use the ideal gas equation to calculate
pressure, volume, temperature, or number
of moles of a gas
 Even Group: Balloon Experiment

Materials: Scissors, thumbtacks/pushpins, plastic

bottle, balloons
Procedure:
1.) Cut one balloon in half.
2.) Use thumbtacks/pushpin and poke a hole in the
bottom of the bottle.
3.) Cover the bottom of the water bottle with the
top half of the balloon.
4.) Put a whole balloon into the top of the bottle
and stretch the top over the opening.
5.) Pull on the balloon on the bottom of the bottle.
6.) Observe what will happen to the balloon and
explain your observation. Write it in a manila paper.
 Odd Group: Balloon Experiment
Materials: balloon, Erlenmeyer flask, hotplate
Procedure:
1.) Using the hotplate and Erlenmeyer flask,
boil 50 mL water.
2.) When water boils, put the balloon on the
opening of the flask. Observe what will
happen.
3.) After approximately 15-20 seconds, cool
the flask rapidly by using the ice bath.
Observe what will happen.
4.) Explain your observation. Write it in a
manila paper.
 What are GASES?
• one of the physical states of matter
 CHARACTERISTICS OF GASES
• Unlike liquids and solids,
GASES:
– expand spontaneously to
fill their containers
– are highly compressible
– have extremely low
densities
– have indefinite shape
– can diffuse and mix
rapidly with other gases in
the same container (different
gases in a mixture do not
separate upon standing)
Gas properties
PRESSURE
 Units of Pressure
• If a tube is completely filled
with mercury and then
inverted into a container of
mercury open to the
atmosphere, the mercury
will rise 760 mm up the
tube.
• Normal atmospheric pressure
at sea level is referred to as
standard pressure.
To describe gases, we need
• P, pressure of the container
• V, volume of the container
• T, Kelvin temperature of the gas
• n, number of moles in the
container
 Boyle’s Law
The VOLUME of a fixed quantity of gas at
constant temperature is inversely proportional
to the PRESSURE
P and V: inversely proportional
 Boyle’s Law

P1V1=P2V2
 Boyle’s Law
P1V1=P2V2
Two hundred milliliter of gas is contained in
a vessel under a pressure of 850 mm Hg.
What would be the new volume of the gas if
the pressure is changed to 1000 mm Hg?
Assume that the temperature remains
constant.
A 2.5 liter sample of a gas
is collected at a pressure of
1.25 atm. Calculate the
pressure needed to reduce
the volume of the gas to
2.0 liters. The temperature
remains unchanged.
 Charles’s Law
The VOLUME of a fixed
amount of gas at
constant pressure is
directly proportional to its
ABSOLUTE
TEMPERATURE
 Charles’s Law
V1/T1=V2/T2
 Charles’s Law
V1/T1=V2/T2
What would be the volume of a ball containing
half a liter of air at 25 oC when it is left in the
field with a temperature of 30 oC?
A party balloon is filled with 4
liters of helium gas at 30 ◦C.
The balloon is left in a place
where the temperature is 50
◦
C. Assuming the balloon does
not burst and the pressure is
unchanged, calculate the
volume of helium gas.
Application of Boyle’s and Charles’ Law
COMBINED RELATIONSHIPS

◦ Is derived from Boyle’s law and Charles’

law equations.
◦ It states that for a mass of gas, the
volume is inversely proportional to the
pressure and directly proportional to its
temperature.

=
Sample Problem 1

A quantity of gas exerts a

pressure of 2.4 atm when the its
volume is 4.0 liters at 40 ◦C.
Calculate the pressure exerted by
the same gas if the temperature
is raised to 50 ◦C and the volume
is reduced to 1.5 liters.
Sample Problem 2

A gas sample occupies a

volume of 20 m3 at 40 ◦C
and at a pressure of 1.60
atm. What volume will it
occupy at STP?
 Avogadro’s Law
The VOLUME of a gas at constant
temperature and pressure is directly
proportional to the NUMBER OF MOLES OF
THE GAS
V = constant x n
 Avogadro’s Law
V1/n1=V2/n2
If 0.25 mol of argon gas occupies a
volume of 76.2 mL at a particular
temperature and pressure, what
volume would 0.43 mol of argon have
under the same conditions?
 Ideal-Gas Equation
• So far we’ve seen that

•Combining these, we
get

•The constant of
proportionality is known
as R, the Gas Constant
 Ideal-Gas Equation
The relationship • Ideal Gas Particles:
have no volume and are not
attracted/ repelled by
each other.
then becomes •Brings together gas
properties.

•STP (standard temperature

and pressure) = 0 °C,
273.15 K, 1 atm.
 Ideal-Gas Equation
Sample Problem 2

What volume will 1.27 mol

of He gas occupy at STP?
Sample Problem 3.

How many moles of gas are

contained in a 50.0 L
cylinder at a pressure of
1000.0 atm and temperature
of 30.0◦C?
 Densities of Gases
If we divide both sides of the
ideal gas equation by V and by
RT, we get
Densities of Gases
Molecular Mass
Amonton’s Law or Gay-Lussac’s Law
The PRESSURE of a gas at constant volume
and no. of moles is directly proportional to the
ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE OF THE GAS
P = constant x T
Amonton’s Law or Gay-Lussac’s Law

P1/T1=P2/T2
What would be the pressure of a tire having
an initial pressure of 3.0 atm at 25 oC after a
long drive in a super highway at noon, with a
temperature at 35 oC ?

A sample of gas at 3.00 x 103 mmHg

inside a steel tank is cooled from
500.0◦C to 0.00◦C. What is the final pressure of the
gas inside the steel tank?
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES
The contribution each gas in a mixture
makes to the total pressure is the
partial pressure exerted by that gas.
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3

At constant volume and temperature,

the total pressure exerted by a
mixture of gases is equal to the sum
of the partial pressures of the
components gases
Sample Problem

Air contains oxygen, nitrogen,

carbon dioxide, and trace of other
gases. What is the partial
pressure of oxygen at 101.30 kPa
of pressure if PN2 = 79.10 kPa,
PCO2 = 0.040 kPa , and Pothers =
0.94 kPa
Sample Problem 2

Determine the total pressure

of a gas mixture that contains
oxygen, nitrogen, and helium
if the partial pressures of the
gases are PO2 = 20.0 kPa, PN2
= 46.7 kPa, and PHe = 26.7
kPa.
QUIZ Show!!!!
• Divide yourselves into 10 groups

• Four “piece of cake” questions worth 1

point each (10 sec.)

• Three “not a cake anymore” questions

worth 2 points each (15 sec.)

• you will be assessed as a class

•Total score is 100

QUIZ Show!!!!
• Question no. 1: Easy
What will happen to the size of a deflated
basketball when left in the sun for four hours?
A. it will increase
B. it will decrease
C. nothing will happen
QUIZ Show!!!!
• Question no. 2: Easy
What will happen to a helium balloon
eventually, when it floats towards the sky?
A. it will shrink
B. it will burst
C. nothing will happen
QUIZ Show!!!!
• Question no. 3: Easy
What will happen to an aerosol spray can when
tossed into an open fire?
A. it will shrink
B. it will burst
C. nothing will happen
QUIZ Show!!!!
• Question no. 4: Easy
What will happen to a bubble from the bottom
of the ocean when it approaches the surface of
the water?
A. it will shrink
B. it will burst
C. nothing will happen
QUIZ Show!!!!
• Question no. 5: not so Easy
The size of our lungs enlarges when we inhale,
what are the two variables involved that
describe the gases?
A. pressure and temperature
B. pressure and volume
C. no. of moles and volume
QUIZ Show!!!!
• Question no. 6: not so Easy
A balloon shrinks when it is placed in the
freezer for hours, what are the two variables
involved that describe the gases?
A. Volume and pressure
B. Volume and Temperature
C. Volume and no. of moles
QUIZ Show!!!!
• Question no. 7: not so Easy
After a 5-hour continuous long drive in a super
highway, the pressure of the tire increased,
what are the two variables involved that
describe the gases?
A. Pressure and volume
B. Pressure and Temperature
C. Pressure and no. of moles