1st STAGE / LEC1/ Biology theory

Radiology and Ulrasonography Techniques dep.

The cell and Cell theory

Dr. Sarah Abdulsalam

• The word biology is derived from the Greek words /bios/ meaning
/life/ and /logos/ meaning /study/ and is defined as the study of
life and living organisms. An organism is a living entity consisting of
one cell e.g. bacteria, or several cells e.g. animals, plants and fungi.

• Biologists – use the scientific method to solve biological problems.

• Aspects of biological science range from the study of molecular

mechanisms in cells, to the classification and behavior of organisms,
how species evolve and interaction between ecosystems.

• One of the main ideas in biology is that living things depend on each
other. e.g. Humans need plants and animals to supply us with food
and raw materials, such as wood, oil, and cotton. Plants provide the
oxygen in our air.
 History of cell
• In the 1800s, two German biologists, Theodor Schwann (1810–1882) and
Matthias Schleiden (1804–1881) developed the theory that all living things are
composed of cells.
• Robert Hooke - First person to see cells, he was looking at cork and noted that
he saw "a great many boxes. (1665)
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek - Observed living cells in pond water, which he called
"animalcules" (1673)
• Rudolf Virchow - also reported that every living thing is made of up vital units,
known as cells. He predicted that cells come from other cells. (1850 )
Cells
• Cells: are living entities, surrounded by a membrane, that are
capable of growing, reproducing, responding, and metabolizing.
• The smallest living things are single-celled microorganisms.
• There are many different kinds of cells
• Some cells are free-living, independent organisms; others
live together in colonies or form the bodies of multicellular
organisms.
• Cells also exist in various sizes, from the smallest bacteria to
bird eggs, which are the largest of cells. All cells may be
described as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
• The Cell Theory
1. Every living organism is made of one or more
cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure
and function.
3. It is the smallest unit that can perform
life functions.
4. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
 Modern cell theory
• Modern Cell Theory contains four statements, in addition
to the original Cell Theory:

1. The cell contains hereditary information (DNA) which

is passed on from cell to cell during cell division.
2. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition
and metabolic activities.
3. All basic chemical and physiological functions are
carried out inside the cells (movement, digestion etc).
4. Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular
structures within the cell (organelles, nucleus, plasma
membrane etc).
• There are two types of cells:
A. Prokaryotic Cells
B. Eukaryotic Cells
• These are two distinct types of cells with STRUCTURAL
differences.
 Cell Features

• ALL cells have these parts

• Ribosomes – make protein for use by the organism
• Cytoplasm – fluid material within cell
• DNA – genetic material
• Cytoskeleton – internal framework of cell
• Cell Membrane – outer boundary, some things can
cross the cell membrane
 Prokaryote Cells
• (Pro- first formed, Karyo /nucleus).
• The first cells to inhabit the earth
• These cells do NOT have a nucleus
• Their DNA is circular and floats in the cytoplasm
• Their genetic material is not stored in the nucleus.
• They have some organelles, but not many.
• They are less complicated that eukaryotes(Simple cells).
• All bacteria are prokaryotes.
• Cell division occurs mainly by binary fission.
•Some bacteria have a tail-like
structure called a flagella, that
helps it to move.

•A capsule surrounds some bacteria

and helps them avoid the body’s
immune system
Bacteria-prokaryotic
Eukaryotic Cells
• (Eu- true, Karyo/ nucleus)
• A more complex cell with a nucleus and many
organelles.
• Cells found in plants, animals, protists, and fungi
• The cell is composed of 4 main parts:
• 1.Cell membrane
• 2.Cytoplasm
• 3.Nucleus – “control center” of cell, houses DNA
• 4.Organelles – small structures that carry out
specific functions (“little organs”)
• Their cell division occurs by mitosis and meiosis.
eg. Plants, animals, fungi, protozoa and algae.
Similarities

• Both types of cells have cell

membranes (outer covering of the
cell)
• Both types of cells have ribosomes
• Both types of cells have DNA
• Both types of cells have a liquid
environment known as the
cytoplasm
:Differences
Prokaryotes
• Organelles lack a membrane
• Ribosome's are the only
organelles
• Genetic material floats in the
cytoplasm (DNA and RNA)
• Circular DNA
• Unicellular
• Cells are smaller in size
• Has larger number of organisms
• Appeared 4 billion years ago
Eukaryotes
• Organelles covered by a
membrane
• Multiple organelles including
ribosomes
• Membrane covered Genetic
material
• Linear DNA
• May be multicellular or unicellular
• Cells are larger in size
• Has smaller number of organisms
• Appeared 1 billion years ago
 Prokaryote cells structure
• capsule: slimy outer coating
• cell wall: tougher middle layer
• cell membrane: delicate inner skin
• cytoplasm: inner liquid filling
• DNA in one big loop
• pilli: for sticking to things
• flagella: for swimming
• ribosomes: for building proteins
Cell Structures
• Cell membrane
• – delicate lipid and
protein skin
around cytoplasm
• – found in all cells
• Nucleus
• – a membrane-bound sac
• evolved to store the
• cell’s chromosomes(DNA)
• – has pores: holes
• Mitochondrion
• – makes the cell’s
energy
• – the more energy the
cell needs, the more
mitochondria it has
• Ribosomes
• – build proteins from
amino acids in cytoplasm
• – may be free-floating, or
may be attached to ER
• – made of RNA
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• – may be smooth:
• builds lipids and carbohydrates
• – may be rough: stores proteins made
by attached ribosomes
• Golgi Complex
• – takes in sacs of raw material from ER
• – sends out sacs containing finished cell products
• Lysosomes
• – sacs filled with
digestive enzymes
• – digest worn out cell
parts
• – digest food absorbed
by cell
• Centrioles
• – pair of bundled tubes
• – organize cell division
• Cytoskeleton
• made of microtubules
• found throughout cytoplasm
• gives shape to cell & moves