Euclidian Geometry

Learning Outcomes

Identify the different elements in Euclidean

Geometry.

Derive all of the propositions of Euclidian

Geometry Book I

Discuss the propositions of Euclidian Geometry

Book I
Who is Euclid?

• Euclid of Alexandria
•A famous Greek mathematician
(Eukleides) and the Father of Geometry
• born around 365 B.C. in Alexandria,
Egypt until 300 B.C.
• Elements
 ELEMENTS

• ”the most studied books apart from

the bible” and was used for 23
centuries
• Collection of 13 books that exhibits
fundamental concepts and principles
of Geometry (Euclidian Geometry)
• 131 definitions, 5 postulates, 5
common notions, and 465
propositions.
Books in Elements
1 – The fundamentals of Geometry: theories of triangles, parallels, areas.
2 – Geometric Algebra
3 – Theory of Circles
4 – Constructions for inscribed and circumscribed figures
5 – Theory of Abstract Proportions
6 – Similar figures and proportions in Geometry
7 – Fundamentals of number theory
8 – Continued proportions in number theory
9 – Number theory
10 – Classification of incommensurables
11 – Solid Geometry
12 - Measurement of figures
13 – Regular solids
Elements Book I

1 – The fundamentals of Geometry: theories of triangles, parallels, areas.

48
5 postulates
Propositions

23 5 Common
definitions notions
 Tools to use

Please get your straight edge and compass 

 What do you see?

Does it have a part? Is it breadthless? Does it have length?

Breadth?
Definition
1 - A point is that which has no part.
2 - A line is breadthless length.
3 - The ends of a line are points.
4 - A straight line is a line which lies evenly with the points
on itself.
5 - A surface is that which has length and breadth only.
6 - The edges of a surface are lines.
7 - A plane surface is a surface which lies evenly with the
straight lines on itself.
What can you say?

Plane Angle Rectilinear Angle Right Angle and

Perpendicular Line
Definition
8 - A plane angle is the inclination to one another of two lines
in a plane which meet one another and do not lie in a straight
line.
9 - And when the lines containing the angle are straight, the
angle is called rectilinear.
10 - When a straight line standing on a straight line makes the
adjacent angles equal to one another, each of the equal angles
is right, and the straight line standing on the other is called
a perpendicular to that on which it stands.
Who am I?

Acute Angle
Obtuse Angle

Circle Center of Circle

Definition
11 - An obtuse angle is an angle greater than a right angle.
12 - An acute angle is an angle less than a right angle.
13 - A boundary is that which is an extremity of anything.
14 - A figure is that which is contained by any boundary or
boundaries.
15 - A circle is a plane figure contained by one line such that
all the straight lines falling upon it from one point among those
lying within the figure equal one another.
16 - And the point is called the center of the circle.
Guess Me!

Quadrilateral
Diameter

Semicircle
Triangle
Definition
17 - A diameter of the circle is any straight line drawn through the
center and terminated in both directions by the circumference of
the circle, and such a straight line also bisects the circle.
18 - A semicircle is the figure contained by the diameter and the
circumference cut off by it. And the center of the semicircle is the
same as that of the circle.
19 - Rectilinear figures are those which are contained by straight
lines, trilateral figures being those contained by
three, quadrilateral those contained by four, and multilateral those
contained by more than four straight lines.
What triangle am I?

Scalene
Equilateral
Isosceles

Right Obtuse Acute

Definition
20 - Of trilateral figures, an equilateral triangle is that which
has its three sides equal, an isosceles triangle that which has
two of its sides alone equal, and a scalene triangle that which
has its three sides unequal.

21 - Further, of trilateral figures, a right-angled triangle is that

which has a right angle, an obtuse-angled triangle that which
has an obtuse angle, and an acute-angled triangle that which
has its three angles acute. lines.
What quadrilateral am I?

Square Oblong Rhombus

Rhomboid
Trapezoid
What line am I?

Square Oblong Rhombus

Parallel line
Rhomboid
Trapezoid
Definition
22 - Of quadrilateral figures, a square is that which is both
equilateral and right-angled; an oblong that which is right-
angled but not equilateral; a rhombus that which is equilateral
but not right-angled; and a rhomboid that which has its
opposite sides and angles equal to one another but is neither
equilateral nor right-angled. And let quadrilaterals other than
these be called trapezia.
23 - Parallel straight lines are straight lines which, being in the
same plane and being produced indefinitely in both directions,
do not meet one another in either direction.
Postulates
1. To draw a straight line from any point to any point.
Postulates
2. To produce a finite line continuously in a straight line.
Postulates
3. To describe a circle with any center and distance.
Postulates
4. That all right angles are equal to one another.
Postulates
5. That, if a straight line falling on two straight lines make the
interior angles on the same side less than two right angles, the
two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on
which are the angles less than the two right angles.
Common Notion

1. Things equal to the same thing are also equal to one another.

2. And if equal things are added to equal things then the

wholes are equal

3. And if equal things are subtracted from equal things then the
remainders are equal.
Common Notion

4. And the things coinciding with one another are equal to one
another.

5. And the whole is greater than the part.

Proposition 1
To construct an equilateral triangle on a given finite
straight line.
Construction:
1. Start with line segment AB
2. Create a circle with center A and
radius AB.
3. Create a circle with center B and
radius AB.
4. Label the intersection point C.
5. Create line AC and CB.
Proposition 1
To construct an equilateral triangle on a given finite
straight line.
Proof
• AB and CB are radii of the same circle
– hence they are equal
• AB and AC are radii of the same circle
– hence they are equal
• If AB equals AC and AB equals CB,
then AC equals CB.
Proposition 2
To place a straight line equal to a given straight
line with one end at a given point.
Construction:
1. Start with line segment AB and a point C.
2. Construct line segment AC.
3. Construct an equilateral triangle on the line AC.
4. Draw a circle with A as the center and AB as the radius
5. Label the intersection of the circle and the line AD as
E.
6. Draw a circle with D as the center and ED as the radius
7. Label the intersection of the circle and the line CD as F.
8. Line AB is equal to Line FC.
Proposition 2
To place a straight line equal to a given straight
line with one end at a given point.
Proof:
1. Line AD is equal to the line AC (equilateral triangle)

2. DE and DF are equal (radii of the same circle)

3. AE is the difference of AD and DE.

4. CF is the difference of DC and DF.

5. AE is equal to CF. (CN 1)

Proposition 2
To place a straight line equal to a given straight
line with one end at a given point.
Proof:
6. AB and AE are equal (same radii of the circle)

7. Thus, AB and CF are equal. (CN1)

Proposition 3
To cut off from the greater of two given unequal
straight line equal to the less.
Construction:
1. Start with line segment AB and CD
2. Construct line segment CE equal to
AB. (Proposition 2)
3. Draw a circle with center C and radius
CE.
4. Define the intersection the circle and
the line CD as F.
5. DF is the difference between line CD
and line AB.
Proposition 3
To cut off from the greater of two given unequal
straight line equal to the less.
Proof:
1. AB is equal to CE (Proposition 2)

2. Line CF and CE are equal. (same radii of

the circle)

3. (CN1)
4. Line DF is the difference of CD and CF.

5. Since ,
Questions?
Have you learned something
from this class?
What have you learned?