HISTORY OF

ORTHODONTICS

Presented by:
Dr. Kipenzula Esther Aier
MDS 2nd Year
 CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Evolution of term ‘Orthodontics’
• Ancient civilization
• Renaissance period
• 18th Century
• 19th Century
• 20th Century
• 21st Century
• Contribution of Indian orthodontists
• Conclusion
• References
 INTRODUCTION

‘Not to know what has been transacted in former times is to continue always as a
child. If no use is made of the labors of past ages, the world must remain in the
infancy of knowledge’
-Roman Orator Cicero
 “Orthodontosie” by
“ORTHODONTICS”
Joachim Le Foulon,
By Sir James
1839
Murray, 1909

EVOLUTION OF
TERM
‘ORTHODONTICS’

“ORTHODONTICS AND
B.F Dewel suggested DENTOFACIAL
“Dentofacial Orthopedics”,
ORTHOPAEDICS”
1976
by A.F Talma, 1985
 ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
PLINY THE
AULIUS CORNELIUS
HIPPOCRATES ELDER
CELSUS
(460-377 BC) (23 AD-79 AD)
(25 BC–50 AD)

ARISTOTLE ETRUSCANS
De Re Medicina
(384-322 BC) 7th Century BC

Forshaw, R. J. (2016). Orthodontics in antiquity: myth or reality. British Dental Journal, 221(3), 137–140.
 RENAISSANCE PERIOD
(14TH – 16TH CENTURY)

Andreas Ambroise Gabrile

Leonardo da
Vesalius Pare Fallopio
Vinci
(1514-1564) (1517-1590) (1523-1562)
(1452-1519)

Forshaw, R. J. (2016). Orthodontics in antiquity: myth or reality. British Dental Journal, 221(3), 137–140.
 RENAISSANCE PERIOD
(14TH – 16TH CENTURY)
1. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
 First to perceive articulation of teeth.
 Described maxillary & frontal sinuses
 Made drawings of number of teeth and their root
formation

Forshaw, R. J. (2016). Orthodontics in antiquity: myth or reality. British Dental Journal, 221(3), 137–140.
 RENAISSANCE PERIOD
(14TH – 16TH CENTURY)
2. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

 Anatomy of teeth
‘On the fabric of the human body’
 Eruption pattern of teeth

Forshaw, R. J. (2016). Orthodontics in antiquity: myth or reality. British Dental Journal, 221(3), 137–140.
 RENAISSANCE PERIOD
(14TH – 16TH CENTURY)
3. Ambroise Pare (1517-1590)
 First to use obturator for treatment of
cleft palate.

HISTORY OF EVOLUTION OF PALATAL OBTURATORS Sarin, Sahil; Gupta, Renu; Luthra, R P; Ahirrao, Rahul;
Journal of Advanced Medical and Dental Sciences Research; Amritsar Vol. 3, Iss. 2, (Apr-Jun 2015): 46-53.
 RENAISSANCE PERIOD
(14TH – 16TH CENTURY)
4. Gabrile Fallopio (1523-1562)
 A detailed description of dental follicle
“Observationes Anatomica”
 Wrote the terms hard and soft palate.

Forshaw, R. J. (2016). Orthodontics in antiquity: myth or reality. British Dental Journal, 221(3), 137–140.
 18TH CENTURY

Pierre Fauchard Etienne Bourdet John Hunter

(1678-1761) (1722-1789) (1728- 1793)

Wahl, N. (2005). Orthodontics in 3 millennia. Chapter 1: Antiquity to the mid-19th century. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics, 127(2), 255–259.
 18TH CENTURY
1. Pierre Fauchard (1678-1761)

 Father Of Modern Dentistry

 Le Chirurgien dentiste (The Surgeon Dentist)
 BANDEAU- An expansion arch that became the basis for Angle’s E-arch.
 Used “pelican” forceps for repositioning of teeth.

Lynch, C. D., O’Sullivan, V. R., & McGillycuddy, C. T. (2006). Pierre Fauchard: the “Father of Modern Dentistry.” British Dental Journal,
201(12), 779–781.
 18TH CENTURY

2. Etienne Bourdet (1722-1789)

 Refined Fauchard’s Bandeau
 First to recommend serial extraction
and premolars extraction.
 First to practice “lingual orthodontics

Wahl, N. (2005). Orthodontics in 3 millennia. Chapter 1: Antiquity to the mid-19th century. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics, 127(2), 255–259.
 18TH CENTURY

3. John Hunter (1728- 1793)

 ‘The natural history of the human teeth’-1771
 Established difference between bone and teeth
 Incisors, bicuspids and molars

Wahl, N. (2005). Orthodontics in 3 millennia. Chapter 1: Antiquity to the mid-19th century. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics, 127(2), 255–259.
 19TH CENTURY
C.F
Joseph Fox Delabarre
(1814) (1819)

Samuel S. Norman
Fitch Kingsley
(1829) (1829-1913)

J.N
Farrar Emerson C.
(1839-1913) Angell
(1860)

Henry Baker
(1893)
Asbell, M. B. (1990). A brief history of orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 98(2), 176–183.
 19TH CENTURY
Joseph Fox (1814)
• First English dental textbook- The Natural History and Diseases of the Human
Teeth.
-Development and shedding of teeth
-The irregularities
• Fixinginthe
teeth formation of teeth formation
irregularities

Asbell, M. B. (1990). A brief history of orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 98(2), 176–183.
 19TH CENTURY
Christophe-François Delabarre (1819)
 Introduced the crib.
 Separated crowded teeth by means of wooden wedges placed between teeth.

Asbell, M. B. (1990). A brief history of orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 98(2), 176–183.
 19TH CENTURY
Samuel S.Fitch(1829)
 ‘ A System of Dental Surgery’-first classified malocclusion into 4
states of irregularity.

Asbell, M. B. (1990). A brief history of orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 98(2), 176–183.
 19TH CENTURY
Norman Kingsley (1829-1913)

 ‘Treaties on Oral Deformities as a Branch of Mechanical Surgery’

 Introduced the term ‘Bite Plane.’

ETIOLOGY

TREATMEN
DIAGNOSI
T
S
PLANNING

Wahl, N. (2005). Orthodontics in 3 millennia. Chapter 2: Entering the modern era. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,
127(4), 510–515.
 19TH CENTURY

John Nutting Farrar (1839-1913)

 Father of American Orthodontics

 Originator of theory of intermittent force
 First to recommend root or bodily movement.
 Occipital anchorage (1850)

Wahl, N. (2005). Orthodontics in 3 millennia. Chapter 2: Entering the modern era. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,
127(4), 510–515.
 19TH CENTURY
Emerson C. Angell (1860)
 First person to advocate opening of mid-palatal suture to provide space in
maxillary arch

Wahl, N. (2005). Orthodontics in 3 millennia. Chapter 2: Entering the modern era. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,
127(4), 510–515.
 19TH CENTURY
Henry Albert Baker (1893)
 Introduced the usage of elastic intermaxillary traction
 Importance of retention period

Asbell, M. B. (1990). A brief history of orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 98(2), 176–183.
 20TH CENTURY
Edw ard Hartley Angle (1855-1930)

Calvin Case (1847-1923)

Dr Martin Dewey (1881-1933)

Robert M. Ricketts (1920-2003)

Holly Broadbent (1931)

R.G. Alexander Wick

Charles J. Burstone

Laurence F Andrews
MBT (Mclaughlin, Bennett and
Trevisi)
Ronald H. Roth

Profitt- Contemporary Orthodontics,3 rd Edition

 20TH CENTURY
EDW ARD HARTLEY ANGLE (1855-1930)
 “Father Of Orthodontics”
 Angle’s Classification of Malocclusion(1890’s)
 The American Society of Orthodontists (1900)
 E (expansion) Arch Appliance(1907)
 Pin & Tube Appliance(1910)
 Ribbon Arch Appliance (1915)
 Edgewise Appliance(1925)

Profitt- Contemporary Orthodontics,3 rd Edition

 20TH CENTURY
CALVIN CASE (1847-1923)
 Known to have developed Vellum Obturator which allowed wearer to
speak clearly

 Pioneered the use of retainers and was the first to use thinner, resilient
wires for tooth movement.

 Advocated EXTRACTION of teeth

Graber, T. M. (1976). An orthodontic perspective after 75 years. American Journal of Orthodontics, 69(5), 572–583.
 EXTRACTION VS NON-EXTRACTION

VS

History of orthodontics: a glance at an exciting path, the oldest specialty of dentistry has treaded so far, 1 st Edition
Basavaraj Subhashchandra Phulari
 20TH CENTURY
DR MARTIN DEWEY (1881-1933)
 Angle’s pupil

 Modified angle’s classification of malocclusion

 ‘Practical Orthodontics’
 International journal of orthodontics → AJODO (1915)
Type I – Class I with crowded anteriors.
Type II – Class I with protrusive maxillary incisors.
Type III – Class I with anterior cross bite.
Type IV – Class I with posterior cross bite.
Type V – Mesially drifted permanent molars due to
early extraction of deciduous predecessors.

Type 1: Edge-edge relationship.

Type 2: Crowded mandibular incisors.
Type 3: Crowded maxillary incisors,
underdeveloped maxilla. Anterior cross bite present

Profitt- Contemporary Orthodontics,3 rd Edition

 20TH CENTURY
HOLLY BROADBENT AND HOFARATH (1931)

 Introduction of Cephalometric Roentgenography

 Analysis introduced by authors-

1. William B. Downs ( 1948)
2. C.C Steiner (1953)
3. C.H Tweed (1953)
4. R.M Ricketts (1966)
5. J.R Jarabak (1978)
6. A. Jacobson (1975)

Profitt- Contemporary Orthodontics,3 rd Edition

 20TH CENTURY
ROBERT M. RICKETTS (1920-2003)
 Introduced utility arch
 Rickets quad helix
 “Bioprogressive therapy” (1950’s)
-Visual treatment objective (VTO)
-Torque control
-Overbite before the overjet
-Sectional arch treatment,
-Overtreatment
-Pre-fabricated appliances

Profitt- Contemporary Orthodontics,3 rd Edition

 20TH CENTURY
LAURENCE F ANDREWS I. Correct molar relationship
II. Correct crown angulation
III. Correct crown inclination
• Father of Pre-adjusted bracket System IV. No rotations
V. No spaces
• “STRAIGHT WIRE” appliance (1972) VI. Flat occlusal plane
• Six keys to normal occlusion (1972)
• 6E Orthodontic Philosophy (1985-1990)
• "Andrews Prescription" -Pre-programmed brackets

History of orthodontics: a glance at an exciting path, the oldest specialty of dentistry has treaded so far, 1 st Edition
Basavaraj Subhashchandra Phulari
 20TH CENTURY

RONALD H. ROTH

• "Roth Prescription" in 1975

• 5 areas of concern:
-Facial esthetics
-Dental esthetics
-Functional occlusion and condylar position
-Elements needed for stability
-Periodontal health.

History of orthodontics: a glance at an exciting path, the oldest specialty of dentistry has treaded so far, 1 st Edition
Basavaraj Subhashchandra Phulari
 20TH CENTURY
R.G ALEXANDER WICK

 Introduced Vari-Simplex design(1978)

 “The Alexander Discipline”-systematic approach to orthodontic treatment, 1986

Profitt- Contemporary Orthodontics,3 rd Edition

 20TH CENTURY
CHARLES J. BURSTONE

• Segmental arch technique-1962.

• Famous three piece intrusion arch- 1967
• Constructed horizontal line-1980
• T-Loop design for the purpose of space closure in
orthodontics.
• Beta-Titanium orthodontic wire -1980

Sachdeva R, Miglani A, Chandna AK, Singh V, Bakshi R, Munjal A. Contributions of Charles J. Burstone in Orthodontics. Int J Res Health Allied Sci
2019; 5(2):71-74.
 20TH CENTURY
MBT (Mclaughlin, Bennett and Trevisi)
1975-1993 1993-1997 1997-2001

Ovoid,
Standard Ovoid Tapered
SWA MBT brackets Ovoid
archwire MBT brackets and Squared
bracket selection archwire
archwire

Bracket Updated light

Light force Brackets Light force Brackets force
positioned in + positioned + positioned
center of +
sliding with gauges sliding with gauges sliding
clinical mechanics mechanics
crown mechanics

Systemized Orthodontic Treatment Mechanics, Mclaughlin, Bennett and Trevisi, 2002

 SELF LIGATING BRACKETS

Russell attachment, EdgeLok bracket, Speed appliance,

Dr. Jacob Stolzenberg, 1935 Dr. Jim Wildman, 1971 Hanson,1975

TwinLock bracket, Damon SL bracket, 1996 Activa bracket,

Dr. Jim Wildman, 1998 Dr. Erwin Pletcher, 1986

Damon 2 bracket, In-ovation bracket, Smartclip brackets, Damon 3 and

2000 Michael C. Alpern, 2000 3M Unitek damon 3MX brackets
Harradine, N. (2008). The History and Development of Self-Ligating Brackets. Seminars in Orthodontics, 14(1), 5–18.
 LINGUAL ORTHODONTICS

Dr Craven Kurz- French Lingual

1st Gen lingual Dr Kinya Fujita, Orthodontic
bracket, 1975 Association,
1975 Ormco - 7th Gen 1986
lingual brackets,
1990

Dr Dirk
Dr Massimo
Wiechmann
Ronchin-
Transfer optimized
Self-ligating
positioning system,
lingual bracket,
2003
1994

• Torque Angulation Reference Guide (TARG)

 Anatomical variations • STb Light Lingual System
• Hiro system

Malhotra Y, Malhotra PU, Ohri N, Mallik A. Lingual Orthodontics History Revisiting: A Review. J Adv Med Dent Scie Res 2020;8(8):115-118 .
 ALIGNERS
Remensyner (1926)-FLEX-O-LITE gum massaging appliance

Kesling (1945)-Tooth Positioner

Dental Contour Appliance, Henry Isaac Nahoum,1959

Invisible Retainers, Robert John Ponitz, 1971

The Essix System (S-Six)

(Sheridan’s Simple System for Stabilising the Social Six)
SHERIDAN et al., 1993

The Invisalign System, 1998 , Align Technology

Zia Chishti and Kelsey Wirth

Clear Aligner, Tae Weon Kim ,2004

History of orthodontics: a glance at an exciting path, the oldest specialty of dentistry has treaded so far, 1 st Edition
Basavaraj Subhashchandra Phulari
 FUNCTIONAL APPLIANCES

Pierre Robin
William J. Clark
MONOBLOC
TWIN BLOCK
(1902)
(1977)

Viggo Andresen
ACTIVATOR
(1908)
Rolf Frankel
FRANKEL
APPLIANCE
(1980’s)
Balters
BIONATOR
(1950’s)

Profitt- Contemporary Orthodontics,3 rd Edition

 DIGITIZATION ROBOTICS

• 3-D Digital models • Human

• Bracket placement computer based
• 3-D facial image interaction
• TMJ imaging technology
• CLCP • Insignia &
• Smile analysis SureSmiles
• Rapid prototyping 21ST CENTURY

• Braces
NANO- • Wires
TECHNOLGY • Adhesives
• Drug delivery system

Sehrawat, Sonam & Sidhu, M.s & Grover, Seema & Prabhakar, Mona. (2021). “A Century of Orthodontic Progress” – Innovations in Orthodontics. Orthodontic
Journal of Nepal. 11. 65-71. 10.3126/ojn.v11i1.39091.
CONTRIBUTION OF INDIAN
ORTHODONTISTS
 DR. RAFIUDDIN AHMED DR HARI KRISHAN
(1890–1955) D MERCHANT
• Indian Dental Journal,1925
• First dental school in Asia and • ‘The Father of Indian Orthodontics’
India- • Department of Orthodontics,1939 in
Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College & Nair Hospital Dental College
Hospital(1920)

Rahul, N & Ahmed, Nausheer & A, Abrar & Aymen, Uroosa. (2023). History and contribution of Indians to orthodotics: A review. IP Indian
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Research. 9. 8-13.
 INDIAN ORTHODONTIC SOCIETY – OCT. 5TH 1965

 7 visionaries –
• Dr. H.D. Merchant (1965 to 1967)
• Dr. Prem Prakash (1967 to 1969)

• Dr. H.S. Sheikh (1971 to 1973)

• Dr. A.B. Modi (1969 to 1971)
• Dr. K.N. Mistri (1975 to 1978)
• Dr. Naishadh Parikh(1973 to 1975)

• Dr. Mohandas Bhat

 India’s first dental museum and library,
Vellore -1998
 Indian Board of Orthodontics-1998

Rahul, N & Ahmed, Nausheer & A, Abrar & Aymen, Uroosa. (2023). History and contribution of Indians to orthodotics: A review. IP Indian
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Research. 9. 8-13.
 DR PREM PRAKASH DR. KEKI.N. MISTRI DR NAISHAD PARIKH
•
• First dentists to offer
Exclusive orthodontic Introduced jaraback
practice orthodontics as a dental
technique in India, 1961
• Ushered in Begg’s era in speciality in India
India, 1960’s • Oral Health Day, WHO,
• First examiner of IBO April 7

Teja MV, Teja TS, Shetty S, Kashyap R. The Rise of Indian Orthodontics: A Historical Perspective. J Ind Orthod Soc 2013;47(3):113-120.
CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
• Asbell, M. B. (1990). A brief history of orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopedics, 98(2), 176–183.
• Forshaw, R. J. (2016). Orthodontics in antiquity: myth or reality. British Dental Journal, 221(3), 137–
140.
• Wahl, N. (2005). Orthodontics in 3 millennia. Chapter 1: Antiquity to the mid-19th century.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 127(2), 255–259.
• Graber, T. M. (1976). An orthodontic perspective after 75 years. American Journal of Orthodontics,
69(5), 572–583.
• History of orthodontics: a glance at an exciting path, the oldest specialty of dentistry has treaded so
far, 1st Edition Basavaraj Subhashchandra Phulari
• Lynch, C. D., O’Sullivan, V. R., & McGillycuddy, C. T. (2006). Pierre Fauchard: the “Father of
Modern Dentistry.” British Dental Journal, 201(12), 779–781.
• Teja MV, Teja TS, Shetty S, Kashyap R. The Rise of Indian Orthodontics: A Historical Perspective. J
Ind Orthod Soc 2013;47(3):113-120
• Sehrawat, Sonam & Sidhu, M.s & Grover, Seema & Prabhakar, Mona. (2021). “A Century of
Orthodontic Progress” – Innovations in Orthodontics. Orthodontic Journal of Nepal. 11. 65-71.
10.3126/ojn.v11i1.39091.
• Harradine, N. (2008). The History and Development of Self-Ligating Brackets. Seminars in
Orthodontics, 14(1), 5–18.
• Profitt- contemporary orthodontics
• Graber Vanersdal- Orthodontics: Current principles and techniques
THANK YOU