CHAPTER 1

Presented by Group 1
HYDROLOGY
Any idea about hydrology?
 HYDROLOGY
• Hydrology is the science focusing on the occurrence, circulation, and
distribution of water on Earth and in its atmosphere, encompassing
various forms such as streams, lakes, rainfall, snowfall, ice, and
subsurface water in soil and rocks.
• In essence, hydrology is a multidisciplinary field that draws on
related sciences like meteorology, geology, statistics, chemistry,
physics, and fluid mechanics.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HYDROLOGY
2. Engineering or
1. Scientific
Applied Hydrology
Hydrology

- on practical application such as

- the study which is concerned chiefly estimating water resources and
with academic aspects. addressing issues like floods and
droights.
 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
• Water exists on Earth in three states: liquid, solid, and gaseous, and is
in constant motion. Examples include evaporation from oceans and
lakes, cloud formation and movement, precipitation like rain and
snowfall, streamflow, and groundwater movement. These dynamic
aspects are explained by the hydrologic cycle, which describes the
continuous movement of water on Earth.
 CATCHMENT AREA

•A catchment area is where water collects and flows into a common

water body like a river or lake. Its significance lies in regulating water
availability, controlling flooding, supporting ecosystems, and supplying
water for human needs like agriculture and industry
 • Rainfall - Runoff Relationship
• Runoff = Precipitation - Losses due to infiltration
(Cause an addition to soil moisture and groundwater storage)
• Runoff Coefficient= Runoff/Rainfall
 EXAMPLE 1.1
A lake had a water surface elevation of 103.200 m above datum at the beginning of a
certain month. In that month the lake received an average inflow of 6.0 mis from
surface runoff sources. In the same period the outflow from the lake had an average
value of 6.5~m^{3}/s Further, in that month, the lake received a rainfall of 145 mm
and the evaporation from the lake surface was estimated as 6.10 cm. Write the water
budget equation for the lake and calculate the water surface elevation of the lake at the
end of the month. The average lake surface area can be taken as 5000 ha. Assume that
there is no contribution to or from the groundwater storage.
 WORLD WATER BALANCE
• Approximately 96.5% of Earth's water is in the oceans as saline water. Only about 1% of the
total water on land is also saline. Thus, roughly 35.0 million cubic kilometers (M km³) of fresh
water is available. Out of this, approximately 10.6 M km³ is liquid fresh water, while the
remaining 24.4 M km³ is frozen in polar regions, mountain tops, and glaciers.
 The global annual water balance is shown in Table 1.2.

• From the given data, the volume of surface runoff from landmass to oceans and groundwater
outflow to oceans is estimated to be about 0.047 M km³.
• It also discusses annual water balance studies, noting Africa's status as the driest continent despite its equatorial
forests, with only 20% of precipitation resulting in runoff. Conversely, North America and Europe exhibit higher
runoff rates.
• Further analysis of the Indian subcontinent reveals a long-term average runoff of 46% for India.

• The significant transfer of water between oceans and rivers, with an annual discharge of approximately 44,700 km³
into the oceans.
• The Amazon River stands out as the world's largest river, contributing one-seventh of the global average discharge.
• India's Brahmaputra and Ganga rivers, flowing into the Bay of Bengal, have mean annual discharges of 16,200 m³/s
and 15,600 m³/s respectively.
 HISTORY OF HYDROLOGY
• Throughout history, civilizations relied on water for survival, with evidence
dating back to 3000 BC in the Indus Valley and Vedic periods.
•Ancient texts mention groundwater and the hydrologic cycle. Early tools like
rain gauges were described by Chanakya in 300 BC, and Varahamihira in AD
505-587.
•The Egyptians understood river stage measurement around 1800 BC, while
Europe learned about the hydrologic cycle around AD 1500.
 8 CLASSIFICATION OF THE
HISTORY OF HYDROLOGY
• Speculation (pre-AD 1400): Based on conjecture.
• Observation (1400-1600): Systematic recording of natural phenomena.
• Measurement (1600-1700): Quantifying hydrological variables.
• Experimentation (1700-1800): Conducting experiments to understand processes.
• Modernization (1800-1900): Technological advancements and modernization.
• Empiricism (1900-1930): Reliance on empirical evidence.
• Rationalization (1930-1950): Systematizing hydrological theories.
• Theorization (1950-present): Developing and refining theoretical models.
 • In all these projects, hydrological investigations for
the proper assessment of the following factors are
necessary:
APPLICATIONS IN
ENGINEERING 1. The capacity of 2. The magnitude of
storage structures flood flows to
such as reservoirs. enable safe disposal
• Hydrology is crucial for water resource
of the excess flow.
engineering projects like irrigation, water
supply, flood control, water power, and
navigation.
3. The minimum flow and quantity of flow
available at various seasons.
4. The interaction of the flood wave and
hydraulic structures, such as levees, reser-
voirs, barrages and bridges.
 APPLICATIONS IN
ENGINEERING
• Hydrological studies are crucial for project design to prevent
failures and uncertainties in assessments.

•They involve analyzing complex phenomena like rainfall and runoff

using probability concepts, enabling engineers to make informed
design decisions based on historical data.
 Hydrological Data Sources
- Hydrologists need different kinds of information to understand
water in an area.

Data Needed:
1. Weather records - temperature, humidity, 6. Soils of the area
and wind velocity
7. Land Use and land cover
2. Precipitation data
8. Groundwater characteristics
3. Stream flow records
9. Physical and geological characteristics
4. Evaporation and evapotranspiration data
of the area
5.Infiltration characteristics of the study area
10. Water Quality data
 - In India, various government agencies gather essential data to
understand water resources and weather conditions.

Data Collection Agencies:

1. India Meteorological Department 4. Central Groundwater Board (CGWB) and

(IMD):Collects weather data such as
temperature and rainfall.
2. Central Water Commission (CWC):Monitors
river flow in major rivers.
3. State Water Resources/Irrigation
Department:Provides information on stream
flow.
State Agencies:Collect groundwater level data.
5. State Government Departments:Offer insights
into soil characteristics, evapotranspiration, and
infiltration.
6. Survey of India:Provides topographical maps
indicating physical features.
 - In India, various government agencies gather essential data to
understand water resources and weather conditions.

Data Collection Agencies:

7. Geological Survey of India and State
Geology Directorate:Offer geological
information.
8. National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land
Use Planning (NBSS&LUP):Provides
detailed soil data.
9. State Remote Sensing Agencies and
National Remote Sensing Agency
(NSA):Utilize satellite images for land use
and cover data.
10. Central and State Pollution Control
Boards:Collect water quality data alongside
CWC and CGWB.
Question
Time