Fuel and Crude Oil

Fuel
* Fuel is a substance that release energy when
burned
* It is typically burned or oxidized to release
energy in the form of heat, light, or other forms
of usable energy
* The primary purpose of fuel is to provide energy
for various applications, including
transportation, heating, electricity generation,
and industrial processes.
* Fuel can be categories as Fossil fuel, Biofuel and
synthetic fuel
Types of Fuel

*Solid Fuel
*Liquid Fuel
*Gaseous fuel
Solid Fuel
* Solid fuels, such as coal and
charcoal
* swamps,Trees,plants,organic
matter and microorganism

Peat

Sedimentary Rock

Coal
 Liquid Fuel

* Liquid fuels, such as crude oil (petroleum)-Mixture of

hydrocarbon and biofuels
* Crude Oil Formation: Crude oil is formed from the
remains of marine organisms that lived in ancient seas
millions of years ago.
* Biofuel Formation: Biofuels are derived from organic
materials such as crops, agricultural residues, and
algae.
 Gaseous Fuel
* Gaseous fuels, such as natural gas
* Natural gas is primarily formed through the same processes
that create crude oil. However, natural gas consists mainly
of methane and other light hydrocarbons that can separate
from crude oil during formation
* Natural gas, primarily methane, and crude oil are classified
as non-renewable energy sources due to their finite nature.
* They are formed over millions of years from the
decomposition of organic matter buried deep within the
Earth's crust.
* Once extracted and consumed, these resources cannot be
replenished within a human timeframe. Therefore, their
finite reserves and inability to regenerate make them non-
renewable sources of energy
Fractional Distillation

kerosine
Conversion of petroleum
 *Points to note
* In fractional distillation of crude oil, alkanes are produced
as various fractions. As
* 1. Gaseous Alkanes: The fraction at the top of the tower
consists mainly of gaseous alkanes such as methane (CH4),
ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), and butane (C4H10).
These alkanes have relatively low boiling points and are
collected as gases at room temperature.
* 2. Liquid Alkanes: As the temperature decreases down the
tower, fractions containing liquid alkanes are collected.
These fractions include gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, and
diesel fuel, each consisting of a mixture of alkanes with
varying chain lengths.
* 3. Wax and Heavy Alkanes: Towards the bottom of the
tower, heavier fractions containing alkanes with longer
carbon chains are collected. These fractions may include
lubricating oils, waxes, and bitumen, which contain
alkanes with higher molecular weights and boiling points.
 *Points to note
* Ethene can undergo hydration, a chemical process where water is
added across the carbon-carbon double bond, to produce ethanol.
Additionally, ethanol can be produced from sugarcane through
fermentation.