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Lecture 1
Lecture 1
Lecture 1
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Course contents
Lecture 1: Introduction to Statistics/Biostatistics
Lecture 2: Descriptive Statistics
Lecture 3: Summarizations of data
Lecture 4:Sampling techniques and Sample size determination
Lecture 5: Probability & Probability distribution
Lecture 6: Inferential statistics
Lecture 7:Introduction to data Analysis
7.1 Categorical Data Analysis(Association, Logistic regressions)
7.2 Continuous Data Analysis(Correlation, Linear regression)
2
Reference
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Chapter-one
Introduction to Biostatistics
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Objectives
• What is Statistics ?
• What is Biostatistics ?
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Definition cont...
The term statistics is used to mean either statistical
methods or statistical data
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Definition cont...
Statistical data: it refers to numerical descriptions of
things.
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Definitions of Statistics/ Biostatistics
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Definition cont...
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Uses of Biostatistics in Health
To Assess health status (risk assessment)
To Provide data processing, organization and analysis
To make Summarization and interpretation of data
To evaluate overall health program
To make Appropriate allocation of limited resource
To measure the magnitudes of association
Strong vs weak association between exposure and
outcome
To assess risk factors
Cause & effect relationship
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Cont.………..
To Evaluate effect of new vaccine or drug
What can be concluded if the proportion of people free from
the disease is greater among the vaccinated than the
unvaccinated?
How effective is the vaccine (drug)?
Is the effect due to chance or some bias? needs control
of independent effects
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Types of Biostatistics
Biostatistics
Sample Population
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Which one is descriptive statistics
1. Antibiotics reduce the duration of viral
throat infections by 1-2 days.
2. Five percent of women aged 30-49 consult
their GP each year with heavy menstrual
bleeding
3. At our health center, 50 patients were
diagnosed with angina last year
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Basic terms in biostatistics
Population: consists of all subjects (human or otherwise)
that are being studied.
Qualitative or Categorical
Quantitative or Numerical variables
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Types of variables
1. Qualitative variable:
A variable or characteristic which cannot be measured
in quantitative form but can only be identified by name
or categories.
Non-numerical
The notion of magnitude is absent
– e.g. Place of birth, Sex, Blood group
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Types of qualitative variables
A. Nominal variables :
• These groups of variables do not have an order or ranking
in them.
• E.g. Sex: Male, Female
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Types of variable
Discrete variables: assume values that can be counted
The values aren’t just labels, but are actual measurable quantities.
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Types of variables (independent Vs dependent)
Independent variables
• It is a variable that stands alone and isn’t changed
by the other variables we are trying to measure.
• Example: someone’s age might be an independent
variable
• Other factors (such as nutritional status and
academic performance) aren’t going to change a
person’s age
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Independent variables
• Presumed cause in a cause-effect relationship
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Independent Variables: Example
• The investigators want to determine how often an exercise must be done to prevent
the progress from prediabetes to diabetes.
• The variable that differs between these 3 groups that are compared is an
Independent Variable
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Types of variables cont…
Dependent variable
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Dependent Variables cont…
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Exercise
In a study to determine whether surgery or
chemotherapy results in higher survival rates for
a certain type of cancer
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Scales of measurement
1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio
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Nominal scale
The simplest type of data, in which the values fall
into unordered categories
No ranking or order can be placed on the data
Uses names, labels, or symbols to assign each
measurement.
Examples: Blood type, sex, race, marital status,
etc.
The mode is the only appropriate measure of central
tendency
The obvious descriptive summary measure is the
proportion or percentage
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Ordinal scale
• Classifies data into categories that can be ranked; however,
precise differences between the ranks do not exist.
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Interval scale
Ranks data, and precise differences between units of measure do
exist; however, there is no meaningful zero.
Measured on a continuum and differences between any two
numbers on a scale are of known size.
Example: Temp. in oC on 4 consecutive days
Days: A B C D
Temp. oc: 45 50 55 60
For these data, not only is day A with 45 o cooler than day D
with 60o, but is 15o cooler.
It has no true zero point
“0” is arbitrarily chosen and doesn’t reflect the absence of temp.
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Ratio scale
Measurement begins at a true zero point
Examples: Height, age, weight, BP, etc.
Note on meaningfulness of “ratio”
A 80 kg is two times as heavy as someone who weighs 40
kg
This is true even if weight had been measured in other
measurements
For interval or ratio data, the mean and standard deviation
are appropriate methods of summarization
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Summary of scales of measurement
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Degree of precision in measuring
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
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Exercise: Consider the following Scales of measurement
(types of data)
1. Blood group
2. Temperature (Celsius)
3. Sex
4. Job satisfaction index (1-5)
5. Number of heart attack
6. Calendar year
7. Serum uric acid (mg/100ml)
8. Number of cases of each reportable disease reported by a
health worker
9. The average weight gain of 6 1-year old dogs with a special
diet supplement was 950 grams last month.
10. Injury severity (a score between 1and 3 is allocated depending
on the severity) – scores 1 and 3 show mild and very severe
respectively.
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Chapter 2
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