Waves and Oscillations

Course Code – PHY 230

Class: Bachelor of Science in Physics
Semester: 3rd -SP22, Secession (A)

Week: 5th (02-06) Oct

Lecture: 1st
Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Ajmal khan
Email: ajmalkhan@cuilahore.edu.pk

Department of Physics
COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI),
Lahore Campus
Free Damped Oscillations
Learn later that the electromagnetic waves are produced by radiations from
oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
The effect of radiation by an oscillating system and friction present in the
system is that the amplitude of oscillations gradually diminishes (reduce) with
time. The reduction in amplitude ( or energy) of an oscillator is called damping
and oscillation is said to be damped.
Damping Force

2
𝐹 =𝑝 1 𝑣+ 𝑝 2 𝑣

𝐹 =− 𝑝𝑣 [ 3.1]
𝐹 =− 𝑝𝑣 [ 3.1]
1- Damped Harmonic Oscillation

2- Damped oscillation of a system having one

degree of freedom

3- General solution damping differential equation

by using the exponential technique
Damped oscillation of a system having one degree of freedom
We shall investigate the effect of damping of the harmonic oscillation of
a simple system having one degree of freedom.
One such system is shown in the Figure below i-e Mass spring system

Fig 3.1 Damped oscillator with a damping force acting against the direction of motion
When the system is displaced from its equilibrium state and release, it beings
to move.
The forces acting on the system are: 1- Restoring force 2- Damping force

1- Restoring force : F = - K ,
where K = Coefficient of restoring force, = displacement
2- Damping force: F = - p
Where p = Coefficient of damping force, = is the velocity of the moving
part of the system.

Now from the newton’s , Force F = ma = m

Where, m is the mass of oscillator and is acceleration
From the figure we see that
the restoring force and damping force act in a direction opposite to newton’s
force.
m=-K-p

This equations holds only for small displacement and small velocities
=- -
=, [3.3] 2=
[3.4]
= -2 -

+ +2

This is the differential equation of damped oscillator

General solution damping differential equation
by using the exponential technique
 𝛼𝑡
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡h𝑎𝑡 𝑡h𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠 𝜓= 𝐴 𝑒 , 𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑦𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑑

𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝜓 = 𝐴 𝑒
𝛼𝑡 𝑑𝜓 𝛼𝑡
2
𝑑 𝜓
=𝛼 𝐴 𝑒 =𝛼
2
𝐴 𝑒
𝛼𝑡
+ +2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2

𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡h𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞 ( 3.2 ) , 𝑠𝑜𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡

+ +2 + +2

𝑇h𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 h𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 t , 𝑡h𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑠h
+ +2
𝛾 1 𝛾 1
𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑖𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝛼 1 =− + ¿ 𝛼 2=− − ¿
2 2 2 2

𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞[3.2]

𝜓 1= 𝐴 1 𝑒
𝛼1 𝑡
𝜓 1= 𝐴 1 exp ⁡¿
𝜓 2= 𝐴 2 𝑒
𝛼2 𝑡
𝜓 2= 𝐴 2 exp ⁡¿
𝜓 =𝜓 1 +𝜓 2

𝜓 = 𝐴 1 exp ⁡¿