Present perfect Simple

Present perfect Continuous

 Present perfect Present perfect
simple continuous
Formed by adding s+have/has+been+v-ing
“have/has”to the past participle
Used with unfinished actions
Used with finished actions
Ex: The kids have been playing since
ex:The kids have played for 2
morning.
hours.
Used for temporary actions
Used for permanent actions
I have been teaching this class for one hour.
I have taught English for 12years.
 Present perfect simple Present perfect continuous

Emphasis on the result of the action. Emphasis on the duration of the action.
He has repaired the car He has been reparing the car for two hours.

Indicate How much/how many Indicate How long/something

have been completed has been happening
It has taken six years to write He has been studying English
this book. for two months.
PASSIVE
VOICE
How to change the active to the passive voice

The thief stole a wallet last week Tense be

past
Example
participle

Present
is, are built Houses are built every day.
Simple

A wallet was stolen by the thief last week.

Past was. Our house was built in
built
Simple were 1990.

active: stole passive: was stolen

 Passive: Simple Present
The Passive form of the simple present is used:

• To express factual data.

• When you do not or it isn`t
Spanish is spoken in a lot of countries. important who or what does the
action.
• To describe a procedure.
Millions of coffes are sold every day.
Then the sound effects are added.
 Passive: Simple Past
The Passive form of the simple past is used:
• To descriibe the origin of things.

Their shoes was made in China.

• To describe the manufactured of things.

The costumes were designed and produced in Brazil

• With the past participles born to talk about place and date of
birth.

My mum was born in 1978.

MODALS
Deduction

PRESEN PAS
T
MUST +INF T
MUST +IHAVE+Vº3
If he has two cars he must have lots of
Idon´t have my keys. Imust have left them at
money.
home.
MIGHT/MAY/COULD+INF MIGHT/MAY/COULD+HAVE+Vº3
Jo´s late for class. She may have missed the bus.
Don´t call her. It´s late and she might be
sleep.

CAN`T CAN`T /COUDN´T +HAVE+Vº3

My account can´t be empty. I got paid It can´t have been Jessie. It must have been Walt.
yesterday.
Obligation
Must /have to Mustn’t / don’t have to

Must and have to are used to express Mustn’t is used to express prohibition (an
obligation.I It’s like a personal obligation. obligation not to do something), whereas don’t
Moral obligation have to is used to express an absence of
obligation.
I have to eat more vegetables (my
doctor told me todo it) You musn´t park your motorbike there .
I must respect your elders.
Obligation Modals of Ability
Should and shouldn`t Can/May/Might
It is the same in all person. The modal verb "can" helps express someone's
It is followed by the base form.
Personal Obligation
ability to do something in the present or future.
Recommendation/

+
He should go to the doctor`s.
-
He shouldn`t go to the doctor`s. • She can speak two languages.
? • We can go to the park.
Should I call the doctor?
 Could MIGHT

The modal verb "could" helps The modal verb "might" is

express someone's ability to do used to express someone's
something in the past. ability to do something in the
past.

The might have spoken Spanish

She could speak English fluently.
fluently.
We might have gone to the movies.
 be able to MAY
The verb phrase "be able to" is used to express
someone's ability to do something in the present or The modal verb "may" helps express someone's
future. It is used to express the speaker's ability or
ability to act in the present or future.
permission to do something.

I am able to swim. She may speak Spanish fluently.

He is able to play the piano. We may go to the movies.
THANK YOU!
Juan Manuel Raguza