Torsion

Strength of Materials

ENGR. AMANDA ROSE VILLANUEVA

 Torsion of Circular Shafts
• Assumptions on Circular Shafts
1. Circular cross sections remain plane (do not
warp) and perpendicular to the axis of the
shaft.
2. Cross sections do not deform (there is no
strain in the plane of the cross section).
3. The distances between cross sections do not
change (the axial normal strain is zero).
 Angle of Twist
• For a shaft under torsional loading,
the angle through which fixed end of a shaft rotates
with respect to the free end is called the angle of
twist.
 Torsion of Circular Shafts
• Notes
❖Torques as represented as vectors
(double-headed arrow represent couples
or rotations) using the right-hand rule.
❖Positive – if torque vector is
pointing away from
the cross-section
❖Negative – if torque vector is
pointing towards the cross-section
Right Hand Rule
 Torsion Formula
•
 Torsion Formula
• Maximum Shear Stress General Formula

- Occurs at the radius of the shaft.

Where:
T = Torque
r = radius of shaft
J = polar moment of inertia
 Torsion Formula
• Maximum Shear Stress of Solid and
Hollow Shaft
 Power Transmission
•
Statically Indeterminate Problems
• Steps
1. Draw the required free-body diagrams and
write the equations of equilibrium.
2. Derive the compatibility equations from the
restrictions imposed on the angles of twist.
3. Use the torque-twist relationships in
equation of angle of twist to express the
angles of twist in the compatibility equations
in terms of the torques.
4. Solve the equations of equilibrium and
compatibility for the torques.
 EXAMPLE NO. 1

What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will not twist
through more than 3° in a 6-m length when subjected to a torque of 12
kN·m? What maximum shearing stress is developed? Use G = 83 GPa.
 EXAMPLE NO. 2

A steel propeller shaft is to transmit 4.5 MW at 3 Hz without exceeding a

shearing stress of 50 MPa or twisting through more than 1&dig; in a length
of 26 diameters. Compute the proper diameter if G = 83 GPa
 EXAMPLE NO. 2

A steel propeller shaft is to transmit 4.5 MW at 3 Hz without exceeding a

shearing stress of 50 MPa or twisting through more than 1&dig; in a length
of 26 diameters. Compute the proper diameter if G = 83 GPa
 EXAMPLE NO. 3

An aluminum shaft with a constant diameter of 50 mm is loaded by torques

applied to gears attached to it as shown. Using G = 28 GPa, determine the
relative angle of twist of gear D relative to gear A.
 EXAMPLE NO. 3

An aluminum shaft with a constant diameter of 50 mm is loaded by torques

applied to gears attached to it as shown. Using G = 28 GPa, determine the
relative angle of twist of gear D relative to gear A.
Torsion of Thin-Walled Tubes
Shear Flow
Shear Flow
 Angle of Twist
If thickness is not constant all throughout:

If thickness is constant all throughout:

 EXAMPLE 1
A torque of 600 N·m is applied to the rectangular section shown. Determine the
wall thickness t so as not to exceed a shear stress of 80 MPa. What is the shear
stress in the short sides? Neglect stress concentration at the corners.
 EXAMPLE 1
A torque of 600 N·m is applied to the rectangular section shown. Determine the
wall thickness t so as not to exceed a shear stress of 80 MPa. What is the shear
stress in the short sides? Neglect stress concentration at the corners.
 EXAMPLE 1

A tube 2 mm thick has the shape shown. Find the shearing stress caused by
a torque of 600 N·m.
 EXAMPLE 1

A tube 2 mm thick has the shape shown. Find the shearing stress caused by
a torque of 600 N·m.