The Self from

Various Perspective
(Psychology)

GROUP 4
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 PSYCHOLOGY
It is the scientific study of mind and behavior. The word
Psychology comes from the two Greek words “psyche”
which means “life” and “logos” which means
“explanation”.
It is popular because of its major and a topic mostly
discussed on different social media platforms that is
part of our every day lives.
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 The Self as a Cognitive Construction

● It is a knowledge representation that

contains knowledge about us, including our
beliefs about our personality traits,
physical characteristics, abilities, values,
goals, and roles, as well as the knowledge
that we exist as individuals.
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 WILLIAM JAMES
(JANUARY 11,1842 – AUGUST 26,1910 )

 One of the 19th century philosopher

and psychologist that is widely
regarded as the Founder of American
Psychology.
 He was the first to teach a psychology
course in the United States.
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 Me-Self
 “Me” corresponds to the self as an object of experience (self as object).
 The “Me” is a separate individual a person refers to when talking about their
personal experiences.

Sub-categories:
I. Material Self - It consist of what belongs to a person, such as the body,
family, clothes, or money.
II. Social Self – It marks who you are in a specific social situation.
III. Special Self - It is who we are at our core, including our personality,
values, and conscience.
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 I-Self
“I” reflects the self as a subject
of experience (self as a subject).
The “I” is the pure-ego – it is
what provides continuity
between past, present, and
future, that is also known as
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“The Thinking Self”.

 GLOBAL VS. DIFFERENTIATED MODELS

Global Model:
 The global model of education focuses on
providing a standardized curriculum and
instructional approach to all students.
 It emphasizes uniformity and consistency in
teaching methods, content, and assessment.
This model assumes that all students should
learn the same material in the same way,
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regardless of their individual needs and

interests.
 Advantages of the Global Model

It allows for streamlined curriculum

development, teacher training, and
assessment processes.
It ensures that all students receive a
similar educational experience, which can
help maintain consistency and provide a
common foundation of knowledge.
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 Disadvantages of the Global Model

It may not effectively address individual

strengths, weaknesses, and interests.
Some students may struggle to engage with the
standardized curriculum, leading to
disengagement and limited learning outcomes.
Global model may not fully foster creativity,
critical thinking, and problem-solving skills, as it
primarily focuses on content delivery and rote
memorization.
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 Differentiated Model
It recognizes and embraces the diversity of
learners. It emphasizes tailoring instruction to meet
the individual needs, abilities, and interests of
students. This approach acknowledges that
students have different learning styles, paces, and
preferences, and aims to provide personalized
learning experiences.
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 Key Benefits of the Differentiated Model

 It allows for flexibility in teaching methods,

content, and assessment, enabling educators to
adapt their instruction to accommodate the
unique needs of each student.
 This approach promotes engagement, motivation,
and a deeper understanding of the subject matter.
 Educators can address students' varying levels of
readiness, interests, and learning profiles.
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 Key Benefits of the Differentiated Model

 It encourages the use of diverse teaching

strategies, resources, and assessments to cater to
individual learning needs.
 Promotes collaboration, critical thinking, and
problem-solving skills, as students are encouraged
to explore and apply their knowledge in
meaningful ways.
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 Disadvantages of Differentiated Model

 It requires educators to have a deep

understanding of their students, strong
instructional planning skills, and the ability
to manage a diverse classroom.
 It may also require additional resources
and support to effectively meet individual
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student needs.
 REAL AND IDEAL CONCEPT
REAL SELF
It is the actual self that reflects the
true qualities, aptitudes, inclinations, and
characteristics of the individual. It is
intrinsically who they actually are. It is the
way they think, feel, look and behave.
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 REAL AND IDEAL CONCEPT
IDEAL SELF
It is defined by the characteristics to
which an individual aspires. It is a self
guide. It is the self that people believe they
want to be, strive to be, and believe they
should be as a result of what they have
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learned and experienced.

 Importance of Ideal Self Concept Aligning with Actual Self

Congruence
 Occurs when one’s perceptions of their real and ideal selves are nearly
identical, that is when one’s concept of ideal self in alignment with one’s real
self.
 It promotes a sense of self worth and a more healthy, productive life.

Incongruence
 It occurs when a person’s ideal self may not be consistent with what happens in
life to that person’s experiences.
 As a result a disparity may exist between a person’s real self and ideal self.
 When there is a significant disparity between one’s real self and their ideal self,
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they experience incongruence which can lead to maladjustment.

 Self-Actualization
 Carl Rogers theorized that all people strive for self
actualization and that, in order to do so, they must be
in a state of congruence.
 Self actualization occurs when an individual’s ideal
self is congruent with their actual behavior. In other
words, it occurs when an individual is propelled
toward a state of alignment between their real and
ideal selves.
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 This will turn create a healthy self esteem and self

 MULTIPLE VS. UNIFIED SELVES
MULTIPLE SELVES
 A psychoanalytic theory that views the self as being made up of
numerous distinct self-states with various affective, perceptual, and
cognitive characteristics. The self-states are regarded to be
sufficiently compatible during normal development to permit
internal conflicts of wants and desires within the persons.
 It is also an essential read for psychologists, philosophers, and social
scientists and will fascinate general readers as well.
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 It is a spectrum; it is not limited to a specific set of characteristics;

 MULTIPLE VS. UNIFIED SELVES
UNIFIED SELVES
 It is the personality that stays within us, the self we usually only
show to people we trust and whenever we are alone. It is a person's
"composite" persona, also known as the "self" that incorporates of
all the other personalities present in their interactional style. It is
important for a person to have a consistent and coherent self that
they show to others, specially to people that are close to them.
 It refers to the "self" that includes of all the other personalities that
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exist within a person's interactional manner (AlleyDog,2020).

 RITA CARTER
 Born in Essex, England.
 A trained journalist in London
and an anchor for the London
nightly news program, "Thames
News"- an award-winning
medical and science writer,
lecturer, broadcaster, and is an
English medical journalist.
 The author of the book called
“Mapping the Mind” which was
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published in 1998.
 She also contributed to The
 THE DIVISION OF MULTIPLE SELVES

1.MAJOR SELVES
2.MINOR SELVES
3.MICRO SELVES
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 ASSESSMENT OF OUR MULTIPLE SELVES
I. THE BIG 5 OCEAN Personality Dimensions
1. Openness (also referred to as openness to experience)
 It emphasizes imagination and insight the most out of all five personality
traits.
2. Conscientiousness
 It is one defined by high levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse control,
and goal-directed behaviors.
3. Extroversion (or extroversion)
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 It is a personality trait characterized by excitability, sociability,

talkativeness, assertiveness, and high amounts of emotional
 ASSESSMENT OF OUR MULTIPLE SELVES
I. THE BIG 5 OCEAN Personality Dimensions
4. Agreeableness
 This personality trait includes attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness,
affection, and other prosocial behaviors.
5. Neuroticism
 It is a personality trait It is a personality trait characterized by sadness,
moodiness, and emotional instability.
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 The Typology of Selves
1.Defenders - protects and guards against threats.
2.Controllers - drives and steers one's behavior.
3.Punishers - defenders or controllers whose energy has
become misdirected.
4.Role players - the personalities created for a particular
situation or purpose.
5.Relics - the old minors that no longer have a useful
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function.
6.Creatives - originates new ideas, it aims, and visions.
 DONALD WINNICOTT
(APRIL 4,1896 – JANUARY 25, 1971)

He is an English
pediatrician and psychoanalyst
who was especially influential in
the field of object relations theory
and developmental psychology
who worked through the 1940’s
into the 1970’s, explained in his
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theory about the True Self and

 TRUE SELF CONCEPT
It is defined as a cognitive schema that
represents those aspects of the self that are
considered, by the person, to be most
emblematic of his/her true nature. But an
individual evaluation of the contents of their
true self may not coincide with the persons
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“real” true self.

 FALSE SELF CONCEPT
 It is defined as a social and mental
construct to get you started on your life
journey.
It is largely defined in distinction from
others, precisely as your separate and unique
self.
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It is to hide, protect your true self and tend

to present it to impress other people.
 THE SELF AS PROACTIVE
AND AGENTIC
ALBERT BANDURA
(DECEMBER 4,1425 – JULY 26,2021)

He is a psychologist known for

his social cognitive theory of
learning. In his theory assert that
human behavior can be learned not
only through one’s experiences but
also through the experiences of
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others. We can simply observe our

so-called models and learn from
 PROACTIVE SELF
 It is a personality characteristics which has
implications for motivation and action. It is a belief in
rich potential of changes that can be made to improve
oneself or one’s improvement, this includes values
such as resourcefulness, responsibility, values and
vision.
It is defined as “being proactive involves self-
initiated, future-focused, change-oriented behaviors.”
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it means that it mainly focuses on the future that you

can control instead of all those things you cannot do.
 AGENTIC SELF
It is defined as the aspects of human
personality that is determined by future assessments
of one’s goals, objectives and actions. It functions
are adversely affected by generating, planning,
selecting and implementing the capabilities of an
individual (McNamara,2011).
It emerged on Bandura’s Socio Cognitive view
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of experience personality and view people as

AGENTS or originators of experience.
 4 Main Agentic Features of Human Agency

1) INTENTIONALITY
 It deals with the forming of intentions that “include action
plans and strategies for realizing them” (Bandura, 2009a, p. 8).
2) FORETHOUGHT
 It involves “the temporal extension of agency” by setting goals
and anticipating future events that people set goals for
themselves and foresee likely outcomes of prospective actions
to guide and motivate their efforts anticipatorily.
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 4 Main Agentic Features of Human Agency

3) SELF-REACTIVENESS
 It broadens the role of the agent to be more than just
“planners and fore thinkers” and includes processes of self-
management and self-motivation.
4) SELF-REFLECTIVENESS
 It refers to the self-examining nature of human agents.
“Through self-awareness, they reflect on their personal
efficacy, the soundness of their thoughts and actions, the
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meaning of their pursuits, and…[if needed] change existing life

course patterns” (Bandura, 2009a, p. 8).
 REFERENCES
An Agentic Theory of the Self (Bandura – 1997). (2011, December 9). 7 Principles of Learning.
https://principlesoflearning.wordpress.com/dissertation/chapter-3-literature-review-2/the-human-perspective/
an-agentic-theory-of-the-self-bandura-1997/
Barristerkookabura1331 2021. https://www.coursehero.com/file/101007153/Module-42-Psychological-
perspective-of-the-self-2pptx/#:~:text=In%20the%20context%20of%20Psychology%2C%20Self%20can
%20be%20defined%20as,and%20presents%20himself%20to%20others.
Code, J. (2020). Agency for Learning: Intention, Motivation, Self-Efficacy and Self-Regulation. Frontiers in
Education, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00019
ElderCobra1873 2022. https://www.coursehero.com/file/p22cesqe/Global-vs-Differentiated-Models-of-Self-
The-global-self-is-more-on-the-esteem-of/
Next, L. a. O. P. (n.d.). The self as the cognitive construct. prezi.com. https://prezi.com/p/nnk7mcdfrh6a/the-
self-as-the-cognitive-construct/?fbclid=IwAR1CB-
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ng1coUgVNJYKjbPHodNu3H_L4Lxt2uZJmGABcIZew3wX-SlqAPBvQ
 REFERENCES
Polison,Janine 2022. https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/bohol-island-state-university/experimental-
psychology/chapter-1-lesson-3-the-self-as-cognitive-construct/23590607
Rogers (2023). https://study.com/?fbclid=IwAR2UX42-21ImzLN1xk5SxV-
a7IpPQv1xpEpqHjeJ8Wj1SDTpnJD_TrDZo40
Stangor, C. (2014, October 17). 1. Introducing psychology. Pressbooks.
https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontopsychology/chapter/chapter-1-introducing-psychology/?
fbclid=IwAR3LtaNcnV30kJPRQKAnW073pdU3DF1vLS_1m3XDFZTi6U4dsRoe_6w9Rj0#:~:text=1.-,Introd
ucing%20Psychology,part%20of%20our%20everyday%20lives
Studocu. (n.d.). Multiple self vs. Unified self - Multiple self a psychoanalytic theory that views the self as being
- Studocu. https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/pangasinan-state-university/understanding-the-self/multiple-
self-vs-unified-self/49731826
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 REFERENCES
Studocu 2023. https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/isabela-state-university/nursing-informatics/4-
psychological-perspective-of-the-self/37669342
THE SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC.pptx. (2022, September 19). [Slide show]. SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/jayarsaludares/the-self-as-proactive-and-agenticpptx
Winnicott1960.https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.studocu.com%2Fph%2Fdocument%2Filigan-medical-center-college%2Fresearch%2Ftrue-self-vs-
false-psychology%2F23689538%23%3A~%3Atext%3DJanuary%252025%252C%25201971-%2CThe
%2520true%2520self%2520is%2520represented%2520by%2520our%2520real%2520feelings%2520and
%2Caside%2520in%2520order%2520to%2520survive.%26text%3DFALSE%2520SELF-%2CTrue%2520Self
%2520and%2520False%2520self%2520are%2520psychological%2520concepts%252C%2520originally
%2520introduced%2Cin%25201960%2520by%2520Donald%2520Winnicott.&ved=2ahUKEwilvtaIio-
EAxXdg1YBHYvFDbAQFnoECAcQBQ&usg=AOvVaw0w6z_rYgvu2nMwBKyAj7qI&fbclid=IwAR1-
Ufn_3IdZTonAV7LO2fb-iSqKkI5KJCc74pNyJnRfZCJT66Sf91dKu4g
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 Thank You!
GROUP 4
SHAIRA C. ADRALES
MARICAR BITO
NIKKA MARIE B. CASIO
RHEXY T. LENDIO
AL ANGELO R. TADEA
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