Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Polynomials
Polynomials
Class IX
Polynomials : poly means “Many” and nomial means “Terms”.
Polynomials : A polynomial is a mathematical expression consisting of indeterminates
(also called variables) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and positive-integer powers of variables.
For example (x-1)(x-2) and x2-3x+2 are two polynomial expressions that represent the same
polynomials; so one has the equality (x-1)(x-2) = x2-3x+2
Degree of Polynomial : The exponent on an indeterminate in a term is called the degree of
that indeterminate in that term.
Like Terms : Terms having same literal coefficients are called like terms, otherwise they are
called unlike terms.
Eg : In -9y2, the numerical coefficient is -9 and literal coefficient is y2.
Eg : 6a2, -b2, -4ab are unlike terms.
Add : (4a3-5a2+6a-3), (2+8a2-3a3), (9a-3a2+2a3+a4), (1-2a-3a3)
Multiplication of Monomials :
Product of monomials = (product of their numerical coefficients) * (product of their variable parts)
Division of polynomial by a monomial :
Let us divide, 4x4 + 2x3 + 2x2 by 2x2
4x4 + 2x3 + 2x2 / 2x2 = 2x2 + x + 1.
Eg : ax+by-cx-ay+cy-bx
Factorization by grouping terms : the terms of the expression may be grouped so as to
have a common factor.
Eg : x(x-2)(x-4) + 4x – 8
= x(x-2)(x-4) +4(x-2)
= x-2[x(x-4) + 4]
= (x-2)[x2 -4x + 4]
= (x-2)(x-2)2
= (x-2)3
Type 4 : Factorization by using the formula for the difference of two square by
formula
Sometimes an expression is neither a perfect square nor it can be expressed as a 2-b2 then we add an
appropriate expression to it and subtract the same so as the value of the original expression does
not change.
Eg - factorize : x2 – 1 – 2a – a2
x2 – (1+2a+a2)
x2 – (1+a)2
[x + (1+a)] [x – (1+a)]
[x+1+a] [x-1-a]
Eg : 81x4 – 256y4
Type 5 : By splitting the middle term