CHAPTER 3

Control Statements
 THE
if,
if/else,
if/else if
STATEMENTS
 THE if STATEMENT
The if statement can cause other statements to execute only
under certain conditions.
 If the expression inside the parentheses is true, the
statements inside the braces are executed. Otherwise, they
are skipped.
The following figure shows the general format of the if statement.
 … the if statement
Ifthe block of statements to be conditionally executed
contains only one statement, the braces can be
omitted.
Example of if statement:
if (x == 100)
cout << "x is 100";
the cout statement will only be executed only if x is equal
to100
Ifwe want more than a single instruction to be
executed in case that condition is true we can specify a
block of instructions using curly braces { }:
if (x == 100)
{
cout << "x is ";
cout << x;
}
 … the if statement
Putting a semicolon after the if part will terminate the if statement.
The block of statements will then always execute. For example,
#include <iostream.h>
int main()
{
int x=4;
if(x>4); // The semicolon terminates the if statement.
{
cout<<"\nInside";
}
cout<<"\nOutside";
}
Output
Inside
Outside
 … the if statement
 Without a set of braces, it only executes the very
next statement.
 For example, notice the following program.
if (average == 100)
cout << "Congratulations! "; // There are no braces.
cout << "That's a perfect score!\n"; // This is outside the
if.
 If the condition (average == 100) is false, the
Congratulations! message will be skipped.
That's a perfect score! was executed, as it would
be every time, regardless of whether average
equals 100 or not.
 … the if statement
 Do not confuse the equality operator (==) with the
assignment operator (=), as in the following statement:
if (x = 2) // Caution here!
cout << "It is True!";
 This statement does not determine if x is equal to 2; it
assigns x the value 2!
 Furthermore, the cout statement will always be executed
because the expression x = 2 evaluates to 2, which C++
considers true.
 C++ stores the value true as 1. But it actually considers
all nonzero values, not just 1, to be true. Thus 2
represents a true condition.
 … the if statement
 A relational expression has the value 1 when it is true
and 0 when false.
 While 0 is considered false, all values other than 0 are
considered true.
 Here is a summary of the rules you have seen so far:
 When a relational expression is true it has the value 1.
 When a relational expression is false it has the value 0.
 An expression that has the value 0 is considered false.
 An expression that has any value other than 0 is considered
true.
 For example, the following is a legal if statement in C++:
if (value)
cout << "It is True!";
 If the variable, value, contains any number other than 0, the
message “It is True!” will be displayed.
 … the if statement
 Here is another example:
if (x + y)
cout << "It is True!";
 In this statement the sum of x and y is tested.
 If the sum is 0, the expression is false; otherwise it is
true.
 You may also use the return value of a function call as a
conditional expression.
if (pow(a, b))
cout << "It is True!";
 This if statement uses the pow function to raise a to the power of
b.
 If the result is anything other than 0, the cout statement is
executed.
 … the if statement
// This program shows an if-statement
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int score1, score2, score3;
double average;
cout << "Enter 3 test scores and I will average them: ";
cin >> score1 >> score2 >> score3;
average = (score1 + score2 + score3) / 3.0;
cout << "Your average is " << average << endl;
if (average == 100)
{
cout << "Congratulations! ";
cout << "That's a perfect score!\n";
}
}
Output Enter 3 test scores and I will average them: 100 100 100[Enter]
Your average is 100.0
Congratulations! That's a perfect score!
THE if/else STATEMENT
 THE if/else STATEMENT
 The if/else statement is an expansion of the if statement.
 The if/else statement will execute one set of statements when the if
expression is true, and another set when the expression is false.
 The following figure shows the general format of this statement and
a flowchart visually depicting how it works.
 … the if/else Statement
 The if/else statement causes program
execution to follow one of two exclusive
paths.
 If you don’t use braces the else part
controls a single statement.
 To execute more than one statements with
the else part, place these statements
inside a set of braces.
 … the if/else Statement
//Example Program 1
/*This program uses the modulus operator to determine if a number is odd or
even. */
#include <iostream.h>
int main()
{
int number;
cout << "Enter an integer and I will tell you if it\n";
cout << "is odd or even. ";
cin >> number;
if (number % 2 == 0) // If the number is evenly divisible by 2, it
cout << number << " is even.\n";
else
cout << number << " is odd.\n";
return 0;
}
Output
Enter an integer and I will tell you if it
is odd or even. 17[Enter]
17 is odd.
 … the if/else Statement
// Example Program 2
/*This program makes sure that the divisor is not equal to
0 before it performs a divide operation.*/
#include <iostream.h>
int main() Output
Enter a number: 10[Enter]
{
Enter another number: 0[Enter]
double num1, num2, quotient;
Division by zero is not possible.
cout << "Enter a number: ";
Please run the program again and enter a
cin >> num1;
number other than zero.
cout << "Enter another number: ";
cin >> num2;
if (num2 == 0)
{
cout << "Division by zero is not possible.\n";
cout << "Please run the program again and enter ";
cout << "a number other than zero.\n";
}
else
{
quotient = num1 / num2;
cout << "The quotient of " << num1 << " divided by ";
cout << num2 << " is " << quotient << ".\n";
}
return 0;
}
THE if/else if STATEMENT
 THE if/else if STATEMENT
 The if/else if statement is a chain of if statements.
 They perform their tests, one after the other, until one of them is found to
be true.
 The following figure shows its format and a flowchart visually depicting
how it works.
 … the if/else if Statement
 Each if statement in the structure depends on all
the if statements before it being false.
 The statements following a particular else if are
executed when the conditional expression
following the else if is true and all previous
conditional expressions are false.
 A trailing else, placed at the end of an if/else if
statement, provides a default set of actions
when none of the if expressions are true.
 … the if/else if Statement
/* Example Program :This program uses an if/else if statement to assign a letter grade (A,
B, C, D, or F) to a numeric test score.*/
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int testScore;
char grade;
cout << "Enter your numeric test score: ";
cin >> testScore;
if (testScore < 60)
grade = 'F';
else if (testScore < 70)
grade = 'D';
else if (testScore < 80)
grade = 'C';
else if (testScore < 90)
grade = 'B';
else if (testScore <= 100)
grade = 'A';
else
{
cout << "\nThe test score is an invalid score.\n";
cout << "Please enter a score that is between 0 and 100.\n";
}
cout << "\nYour grade is " << grade << ".\n";
}
 Nested if
Statements
 Nested if Statements
 A nested if statement is an if statement in
the conditionally executed code of another
if statement.
 Anytime an if statement appears inside
another if statement, it is considered
nested.
 Nested if statement is good for narrowing
choices down and categorizing data.
 … Nested if Statements
/* Example Program: This program demonstrates a nested if statement.*/
#include <iostream.h>
int main()
{
char employed, recentGrad;
cout << "Answer the following questions with either Y for Yes or N for No.\n";
cout << "Are you employed? ";
cin >> employed;
cout << "Have you graduated from college in the past two years? ";
cin >> recentGrad;
if (employed == 'Y')
{ // Nested if
if (recentGrad == 'Y') // Employed and a recent graduate
{
cout << "You qualify for the special interest rate.\n";
}
else // Employed but not a recent graduate
{
cout << "You must have graduated from college in the past two years to qualify.\
n";
}
}
else // Not employed
cout << "You must be employed to qualify.\n";
return 0;
}
SWITCH STATEMENT
 switch Statement
 The switch statement lets the value of a variable
or expression determine where the program will
branch to.
 The if/else if statement allows your program to
branch into one of several possible paths.
 It performs a series of tests (usually relational) and
branches when one of these tests is true.
 The switch statement tests the value of an
integer expression and then uses that value to
determine which set of statements to branch to.
 …switch Statement
 Here is the format of the switch statement:
switch (integer expression)
{
case constant expression:
// Place one or more statements here.
case constant expression:
// Place one or more statements here.
// Case statements may be repeated as many times as necessary.
case constant expression:
// Place one or more statements here.
default:
// Place one or more statements here.
}
 …switch Statement
 An integer expression can be either of the
following:
 A variable of any of the integer data types (including
char)
 An expression whose value is of any of the integer
data types
 On the next line is the beginning of a block
containing several case statements.
 Each case statement is formatted in the
following manner:
case constant expression:
// Place one or more statements here.
 …switch Statement
 After the word case is a constant expression
 The constant expression can be either an integer literal
or an integer named constant.
 The constant expression
 cannot be a variable and
 it cannot be a Boolean expression such as x < 22 or n == 25.
 The case statement marks the beginning of a section of
statements.
 case statements are branched to if the value of the
switch expression matches that of the case expression.
 The expressions of each case statement in the block
must be unique.
 …switch Statement
 An optional default section comes after all
the case statements.
 This section is branched to if none of the case
expressions match the switch expression.
 Thus it functions like a trailing else in an
if/else if statement.
 Example(This program demonstrates the use of a
switch statement)
main()
{
char choice; Program Output
cout << "Enter A, B, or C: "; Enter A, B, or C: B [Enter]
cin >> choice; You entered B.
switch (choice) Program Output
{ Enter A, B, or C: F [Enter]
case 'A': You did not enter A, B, or C!
cout << "You entered A.\n";
break;
case 'B':
cout << "You entered B.\n";
break;
case 'C':
cout << "You entered C.\n";
break;
default:
cout << "You did not enter A, B, or C!\n";
}
}
 …switch Statement
 A break statement is needed whenever you want
to “break out of” a switch statement.
 The case statements show the program where
to start executing in the block and the break
statements show the program where to stop.
 Without the break statements, the program
would execute all of the lines from the matching
case statement to the end of the block.
 the program “falls through” all of the statements below
the one with the matching case expression.
 The default section (or the last case section, if
there is no default) does not need a break
statement. Put there anyway, for consistency.
 Example (This program demonstrates how a switch
statement works if there are no break statements)
main()
Program Output:
{ Enter A, B, or C: A[Enter]
char choice; You entered A.
You entered B.
cout << "Enter A, B, or C: "; You entered C.
cin >> choice; You did not enter A, B, or C!
switch (choice) Program Output
{ Enter A, B, or C: C[Enter]
You entered C.
case 'A':
You did not enter A, B, or C!
cout << "You entered A.\n";
case 'B':
cout << "You entered B.\n";
case 'C':
cout << "You entered C.\n";
default :
cout << "You did not enter A, B, or C!\n";
}
}
 Example (The switch statement in this program uses the "fall
through" feature to catch both uppercase and lowercase letters
main()
entered by the user)
{
char feedGrade;
cout << "Our dog food is available in three grades:\n";
cout << "A, B, and C. Which do you want pricing for? ";
cin >> feedGrade;
switch(feedGrade)
{
case 'a': Program Output
case 'A': Our dog food is available in three grades:
cout << "30 cents per pound.\n"; A, B, and C. Which do you want pricing for?
break; b[Enter]
case 'b': 20 cents per pound.
case 'B': Program Output
cout << "20 cents per pound.\n"; Our dog food is available in three grades:
break; A, B, and C. Which do you want pricing for?
case 'c': B[Enter]
case 'C': 20 cents per pound.
cout << "15 cents per pound.\n";
break;
default :
cout << "That is an invalid choice.\n";
}
return 0;
}
THE CONDITIONAL OPERATOR
 The Conditional Operator
 You can use the conditional operator to
create short expressions that work like
if/else statements.
 The operator consists of the question-
mark (?) and the colon(:).
 Its format is

Condition ? expression : expression;

 … the Conditional Operator
 Here is an example of a statement using the conditional
operator:
x < 0 ? y = 10 : z = 20;
 This statement is called a conditional expression and
consists of three sub-expressions separated by the ? and :
symbols.
 The expressions are x < 0, y = 10, and z = 20.
 Note: Since it takes three operands, the conditional
operator is considered a ternary operator.
 The conditional expression above performs the same
operation as the following if/else statement:
if (x < 0)
y = 10;
else
z = 20;
 … the Conditional Operator
 The part that comes before the question mark is the
expression to be tested.
 It’s like the expression in the parentheses of an if statement.
 If the expression is true, the part of the statement
between the ? and the : is executed.
 Otherwise, the part after the : is executed.
 E.g. (x < 0) ? (y = 10) : (z = 20);
 … the Conditional Operator
 If the first sub-expression is true, the value of the conditional
expression is the value of the second sub-expression. Otherwise it
is the value of the third sub-expression.
 Here is an example of an assignment statement using the value of a
conditional expression:
a = x > 100 ? 0 : 1;
 The value assigned to a will be either 0 or 1, depending upon
whether x is greater than 100.
 This statement could be expressed as the following if/else
statement:
if (x > 100)
a = 0;
else
a = 1;
 … the Conditional Operator
 Here is the statement with the conditional
expression:
hours = hours < 5 ? 5 : hours;
 If the value in hours is less than 5, then 5
is stored in hours.
 Otherwise hours is assigned the value it
already has.
 … the Conditional Operator
 For instance, consider the following statement:
cout << "Your grade is: " << (score < 60 ? "Fail." : "Pass.");
 If you were to use an if/else statement, this
statement would be written as follows:
if (score < 60)
cout << "Your grade is: Fail.";
else
cout << "Your grade is: Pass.";
 The parentheses are placed around the conditional
expression because the << operator has higher
precedence than the ?: operator.
 Without the parentheses, just the value of the
expression score < 60 would be sent to cout.
 THANK U!
*-*-*
END OF CHAPTER-3
*-*-*