OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
OP- AMP is a solid state device
capable of sensing and amplifying dc
and ac input signals.

OP- AMP is a high gain differential
amplifier with nearly ideal external
characteristics.
OP-AMP COMPONENTS

Transistors
Resistors
Diodes
Capacitors
OP-AMP STAGES



NON
INVERTING
INPUT
INVERTING
INPUT
OUTPUT
DUAL-INPUT
BALANCED
OUTPUT
DIFFERENTIAL
AMPLIFIER
DUAL-INPUT
UNBALANCED
OUTPUT
DIFFERENTIAL
AMPLIFIER
EMITTER
FOLLOWER
WITH
CONSTANT
CURRENT
SOURCE
COMPLEMENTARY
SYMMETRY
PUSH-PULL
AMPLIFIER
CIRCUIT SYMBOL
The OP-AMP is represented by a
triangular symbol.






It has two input and one output
terminals.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Non Inverting
Input
Inverting
Input
Output
V
out
= G(v
1
-v
2
)
1
2
CHARACTERSTICS OF IDEAL
OP-AMP
CHARACTERISTICS IDEAL VALUES
Voltage gain

Input impedance

Output impedance
0
Bandwidth

Input offset voltage
0
Input offset current
0
Slew rate

CMRR ratio

OP-AMP CONFIGURATIONS

No feedback
Non Linear
Limited
Bandwidth
Feedback
Linear
Bandwidth
infinite

INVERTING OP-AMP



An inverting amplifier uses negative
feedback

to invert and amplify a voltage.

Output is 180 out of phase.







For the non-inverting amplifier the input is

connected to the non-inverting input.

Output is in phase with the input.
NON-INVERTING OP-AMP


A particular form of this amplifier is when the
feedback loop is a short circuit, I.e. R2 = 0. Then
the voltage gain is 1, such an amplifier is called a
Voltage Follower.



(GROUND)
VOLTAGE FOLLOWER
V
out
= V
in

An inverting amplifier can accept two or more inputs
and produce a weighted sum

At X, I = I
A
+ I
B
+ I
C
=

-(V
A
/R
A
+V
B
/R
B
+V
C
/R
C
)



SUMMING AMPLIFIER
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
C
C
2
B
B
2
A
A
2
out
.V
R
R
.V
R
R
.V
R
R
V
V
A
V
B
V
C
SUBTRACTOR AMPLIFIER




Amplifies the difference between the two voltages
applied at the two ends of the amplifier.
Neither of the input lines is grounded.
Noise appearing at both the input terminals does
not appear at the output.
Integrator produces an output voltage which is
proportional to the time integral of the input voltage
Integrating both sides gives
INTEGRATOR AMPLIFIER
.dt V
RC
1
dV
in out
=
( ) ( )
}
=
2
1
t
t
in 1 out 2 out
.dt V
RC
1
t V t V





The function of an differentiator is to give an
output voltage which is proportional to the
rate of input voltage.
DIFFERENTIATOR AMPLIFIER
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Perform math operations
ADC and DAC
Sign changer
Voltage Regulation
Pulse generators
Wave generator