PARTS OF BRAIN

Dr Shabana Begum
Department of Anatomy
 INTRODUCTION
The central nervous system(CNS)
consists of
brain (located in the cranial
cavity)
spinal cord (located in the
vertebral canal)

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 NEURULATION
At about the 16th day of embryonic
life, the neural plate forms
The process of neural tube formation
is known as NEURULATION
The fusion of neural folds begins in
the 20th day of embryonic life
The fusion of the cranial and caudal
ends of the neural tube are delayed
forming the anterior and posterior
neuropores through which the
neural tube communicates with the
surrounding amniotic cavity
NEURULATION

Anterior neuropore closes in

the middle of the 4th week

Posterior neuropore closes at

the end of 4th week
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN
By the time the neural tube is completely closed, it is divisible into an
enlarged cranial part and an elongated caudal part
The brain develops from the enlarged cranial part of the neural tube
At about the end of 4th week, the enlarged cephalic part shows three
distinct dilatations called primary brain vesicles (cranio-caudally)
a) PROSENCEPHALON (forebrain)
b) MESENCEPHALON (midbrain)
c) RHOMBENCEPHALON (hindbrain)
Their cavities form the ventricular system of the adult brain

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 NEURULATION

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 DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN

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 ADULT DERIVATIVES OF BRAIN VESICLES

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THE
VENTRICLES
OF THE
BRAIN

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 DEVELOPMENT OF THE VENTRICULAR SYSTEM

The cavities of brain vesicles form the ventricular system of adult

brain :

The hindbrain cavity becomes the fourth ventricle

The narrow mesencephalic cavity becomes the cerebral aqueduct
(aqueduct of Sylvius)
The cavity of the diencephalon becomes the third ventricle
The twin telencephalic cavities become lateral ventricles

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 MEDIAL SURFACE OF BRAIN SHOWING VENTRICLES

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PARTS OF CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM

Consists of six
major parts
1. Cerebrum
2. Diencephalon
3. Midbrain
4. Pons
5. Medulla oblongata
6. Cerebellum
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 INTRODUCTION
Structurally the CNS consists of grey and white matter and therefore
sections through the CNS present greyish and whitish regions
The grey matter consists of nerve cell bodies and dendrites
The white matter is made of myelinated nerve fibres
Both grey and white matter contain neuroglia and blood vessels

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 INTRODUCTION

In the brain (except the

brainstem), the grey matter is
present at the periphery and the
white matter in the centre

In the spinal cord, the grey

matter is at the centre and the
white matter at the periphery

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 FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN
It receives information from, and controls the activities of trunk and
limbs mainly through its connections with the spinal cord
It receives information from and controls the activities of head and
neck structures through cranial nerves
It assimilates experiences, which is important for higher mental
processes such as memory, learning and intelligence
It is responsible for one’s personality, thoughts and aspirations

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 CEREBRUM
The cerebrum is the largest part
of the brain
Viewed from above it looks
ovoid
Consists of right and left
cerebral hemispheres
Occupies the
a) Anterior cranial fossa
b) Middle cranial fossa
c) Supra-tentorial region of
posterior cranial fossa
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 CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
Each cerebral hemisphere
consists of
1. Surface layer of grey matter
called CEREBRAL CORTEX
2. Central core of white matter
3. In the basal part of the latter
are located large masses of
grey matter known as BASAL
NUCLEI / GANGLIA
4. A cavity within it called
LATERAL VENTRICLE

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 CORONAL SECTION OF BRAIN
The two hemispheres are partly
separated from each other by a
deep median longitudinal fissure
called LONGITUDINAL
CEREBRAL FISSURE
A massive commissure called
the CORPUS CALLOSUM(white
fibres) connects the two cerebral
hemispheres and lies in the floor
of the fissure

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 CEREBRUM

Each cerebral hemisphere has

a) 3 poles
b) 3 surfaces
c) 3 borders

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 POLES of cerebral hemisphere

1. FRONTAL POLE -
anteriorly
2. OCCIPITAL POLE -
posteriorly
3. TEMPORAL POLE – lies
between the frontal and
occipital poles

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 SURFACES of cerebral hemisphere
THREE SURFACES SUPEROLATERAL SURFACE

1. SUPERO-LATERAL
surface
2. MEDIAL surface
3. INFERIOR surface

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 SURFACES of cerebral hemisphere
MEDIAL SURFACE INFERIOR SURFACE

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 LOBES OF CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
The supero-lateral surface of each cerebral hemisphere is divided into
four lobes, which are named after the overlying skull bones:
1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Occipital lobe
4. Temporal lobe
Deep within the lateral sulcus lies a submerged portion of cerebral
cortex, the INSULA which is often referred to as the FIFTH LOBE or
CENTRAL LOBE

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 FUNCTIONS OF THE LOBES
FRONTAL LOBE : important for voluntary motor functions,
motivation, aggression, emotions, effect, drive, awareness of self
PARIETAL LOBE : receives all sensory information except for
smell, hearing and vision
OCCIPITAL LOBE : responsible for reception and integration of
visual input
TEMPORAL LOBE : receives and evaluates input for smell and
hearing and plays an important role in memory
LIMBIC LOBE : associated with basic survival instincts such as
acquisition of food and water and reproduction

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 DIVISIONS OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

This is done with the help of

1. Three main sulci
Central
Lateral
Parieto-occipital

2. Two imaginary lines

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 DIVISION OF SUPERO-LATERAL SURFACE OF
LEFT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE

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CORPUS CALLOSUM
C-shaped corpus callosum
(commissural fibres connecting
identical/corresponding areas of
the two cerebral hemispheres) is
the most important feature of the
medial surface
The sulci and gyri are located
above, in front and behind the
corpus callosum

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 DIENCEPHALON

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 DIENCEPHALON
It is the part of the brain between the
THALAMU cerebrum and the brainstem
S
Its main components are
a) Two thalamus (sensory relay
station)
b) Hypothalamus
c) Metathalamus (LGB and MGB)
d) Epithalamus (pineal gland)
HYPOTHALAMUS e) Subthalamus

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 DIENCEPHALON
The third ventricle is the cavity
of the diencephalon
It is a mid-line slit-like cavity
between the two thalami and part
of hypothalamus
Anteriorly, on each side third
ventricle communicates with
lateral ventricle through
interventricular foramen (of
Monro)
Posteriorly, it communicates with
fourth ventricle through Cerebral
aqueduct (of Sylvius)
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 MIDBRAIN

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 MIDBRAIN
It is the smallest segment of the
brainstem
About 2.5cm long and 2.5 cm
wide
It connects the hindbrain with
the forebrain
It contains the nuclei of the IIIrd,
IVth and Vth cranial nerves
Its cavity known as cerebral
aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius)
connects the 3rd ventricle with 4th
ventricle
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 MIDBRAIN
The ventral surface presents two
crura cerebri which emerges
from the cerebral hemispheres
It converges downwards to enter
the pons

INTERPEDUNCULAR
FOSSA – space between two
crus cerebri

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 HINDBRAIN

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 PONS
Pons means ‘bridge’ as it forms
a broad bridge between the two
cerebellar hemispheres by its
transverse fibres, which
constitutes the middle cerebellar
peduncles
It is continuous above with the
midbrain and below with the
medulla
A vertical median sulcus k/a
basilar sulcus lodges the basilar
artery

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 MEDULLA OBLONGATA
It is the lower part of the
brainstem and continuous with
the spinal cord at the foramen
magnum

Medulla has important vital

autonomic reflex centres
involved in the regulation of
heart rate, blood vessel diameter,
breathing, sleeping, vomiting,
coughing and sneezing

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 CEREBELLUM (little brain)
Lies dorsal to the pons and medulla
Consists of
a) Two lateral hemispheres –
cerebellar hemispheres
b) Median worm-like part called
vermis
Connected to
a) Midbrain – superior cerebellar
peduncle
b) Pons – middle cerebellar peduncle
c) Medulla – inferior cerebellar
peduncle
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 CEREBELLUM (little brain)
the surface of cerebellum has narrow
transverse ridges called FOLIA
(leaf-like in sections)
The folia are separated by deep
FISSURES

FUNCTION : concerned with

involuntary control of somatic motor
activities required for maintenance of
1. Equilibrium
2. Muscle tone
3. Posture
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 BASE OF THE BRAIN

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 BASE (inferior aspect)
OF THE BRAIN

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 BASE OF THE BRAIN
1. Orbital and tentorial surfaces
of the frontal and temporal
lobes of both hemispheres
2. Interpeduncular fossa
3. Ventral aspects of midbrain,
pons, medulla oblongata and
cerebellum
4. Superficial attachment of the
cranial nerves

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 INTERPEDUNCULAR FOSSA

Rhomboidal space

Bounded by :
ANTERIORLY – optic chiasma
and optic tracts
POSTERIORLY – pons
ON EITHER SIDE – crus cerebri
of cerebral peduncles

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SUPERFICIAL
ATTACHMEN
T OF
CRANIAL
NERVES

EXTERNAL
FEATURES ON
THE VENTRAL
(ANTERIOR)
ASPECT OF
BRAINSTEM

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 SUPERFICIAL ATTACHMENT OF
CRANIAL NERVES
All the 12 pairs of cranial nerves are attached on the ventral aspect of the
brain except the fourth pair (trochlear nerves) which are attached on the
dorsal aspect
First two pairs are attached to the forebrain
Third and fourth to the midbrain
Fifth to the pons
Remainder to the medulla oblongata

The eleventh cranial nerve also receives a root from the upper part of
spinal cord

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 BASE OF THE
BRAIN

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 THANK YOU

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